DOPING IN SPORTS

WHAT IS DOPING?
• Using a prohibited substance.
• Possessing a prohibited substance.
• Interfering with the testing process.
• Refusal to undergo test.
• Not providing whereabouts information (Out-of-Competition).
3 missed tests/18 months for individuals in Registered Testing
Pool (RTP).
• Encouraging or assisting others to dope (including trafficking).
• Covering up Doping activities.
• Any type of complicity regarding doping activity.
 WHAT IS DOPING?
• Tampering or Attempted tampering with any
part of Doping Control
• Possession of a Prohibited Substance or a
Prohibited method
• Trafficking or Attempted Trafficking in any
Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method
• Administration or Attempted Administration
of a prohibited Substance in competition
 CONSEQUENCES OF NOT ADHERING
TO ANTI-DOPING PROCEDURES
 Suspension from sport – 4 years to life
 Financial implications
 Invalidity of Results
 Other Consequences – Time, Media.
WHY DO PERFORMERS TAKE DRUGS?
Increase Lose weight,
oxygen train harder
transport
PHYSIOLOGICAL
REASONS

To build muscle, Mask injury and

increase energy reduce
tiredness
WHY DO PERFORMERS TAKE DRUGS?

To increase
motivation

PSYCHOLOGICAL
REASONS

To steady
To increase
nerves
aggression
WHY DO PERFORMERS TAKE DRUGS?

They are Belief that

prepared to win everyone else
at all costs is doing it

SOCIAL REASONS

Pressure to Fear of not

win from winning
coaches, By winning
peers and they can earn
the media big money
WHY SHOULDN’T THEY TAKE DRUGS?

•Gives an unfair advantage

MORAL
•Undermines the true spirit of sport
REASONS
•Reflects badly on others

•Against the law of the land

LEGAL
•Against the law of sports
REASONS
 WHY SHOULDN’T THEY TAKE DRUGS?
HEALTH
REASONS
• Can be addictive
• Lower life expectancy
• Can cause death
• Can lead to liver disorders and heart disease
• Can suppress growth
• Can cause sexual and gynaecological problems
• Can affect moods and behaviour causing
aggression and depression
WHY SHOULDN’T THEY TAKE DRUGS?

•Gives a bad example to

others, especially young
people who copy their
ROLE
heroes and put their lives
MODELLING
at risk
•Gives a bad image to
sport and lowers its status
 WHY FIGHT DOPING?
•Rules of the Game
•Personal integrity
•Anti-doping rules protect Athletes’ rights
 WHY DOPING IS DANGEROUS?
• Studies on substances for therapeutic reasons, not for doping
• Substances or methods used by athletes have been developed
for people with health problems
• Athletes using Prohibited substances:
• Are not always followed by a doctor
• Often take larger doses
• Might use in combination with other substances
• Are often illegal or counterfeit substances that are not
regulated
 DRUGS IN SPORT
1.Socially acceptable: alcohol, nicotine, - NOT PROHIBITED
2.Medications: OTC and prescribed drugs – MAY BE
PROHIBITED
3.Socially unacceptable: Marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy, etc.
4.Performance enhancers
5.Contaminated supplements
 COMMON MEDICATIONS
• There are some common medications on the Prohibited
List. An athlete or a medical professional should not make
assumptions regarding the status of any medications.
• It is the responsibility of the athlete to ensure that all medical
professionals are aware of their status as an athlete who
could be tested. All athletes should ask medical professionals
to check the status of medications during the prescription
process and when purchasing medications over the counter at
a pharmacy.
 PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES
S.1. Anabolic agents S.7. Narcotics(buprenorphine,
levorphanol, meperidine, …)
1.a. Exogenous AAS
(boldenone, nandrolone, S.8. Cannabinoids
mibolerone, ... and related
substances S.9. Glucocorticoids
1.b. Endogenous AAS
2. Other anabolic agents PROHIBITED METHODS
(clenbuterol) M.1. Enhancement of O2
S.2. Hormones and related substances transfer
(hCG, hGH, ACTH, EPO, … and
releasing factors) M.2. Chemical or Physical
S.3. b-2 Agonists Manipulation
S.4. Agents with anti-estrogenic activity M.3. Gene Doping
(aromatase inhibitors)
S.5. Diuretics and masking agents
(amilioride, ethacrynic acid, USE LIMITED IN SPECIFIC
spironolactone, ... and related SPORTS
compounds) P.1. Alcohol
S.6. Stimulants (amphetamine, cocaine,
mesocarb, strychnine, ... and related P.2. b-blockers (acebutolol, atenolol,
compounds) sotalol, ... and related compounds)
 ANABOLIC AGENTS
•Enhance muscle mass gained from strength training
- Anabolic steroids
- Testosterone precursors
 ANABOLIC STEROIDS
•Testosteronederivatives – modified to increase
anabolic effects while decreasing androgenic
effects
•Doses may reach 100X medical replacement
dose
•Efficacy in numerous studies since the 1970’s
 ANABOLIC STEROID SIDE
EFFECTS
• Acne • Adverse lipid profile
• Alopecia • Hypertension
• Testicular atrophy
• Glucose intolerance
• Masculinization
• Premature epiphyseal
• Gynecomastia
closure
• Infertility
• Mood alterations
 HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE
•Manufactured by recombinant technology for
replacement in deficient patients
•Promotes protein anabolism
•Intramuscular delivery
•No virilizing effects – attractive to women
 HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE

•Studies suggest increases in muscle size, but

not strength (increased collagen in muscles
without an increase in contractile tissue)
•Excess may lead to acromegaly
 STIMULANTS
•Promote CNS and muscular excitation
•Caffeine (not prohibited)
•Amphetamines
•Ephedrine (and pseudoephedrine)
 PSEUDO-EPHEDRINE
• Pseudoephedrine is an ingredient in many cold, flu and
sinus remedies
• Consider using an alternative medication. There are several
products that contain phenylehphrine instead, which is
permitted in sport.
• Never exceed the manufacturers recommended dose.
• Do not use any medications that contain pseudoephedrine
with 24 hours (minimum) of competing.
 SPECIFIED SUBSTANCES
• A specified substance is a substance which allows, under defined
conditions, for a greater reduction of a two-year sanction when
an athlete tests positive for that particular substance.
• The purpose is to recognize that it is possible for a substance to
enter an athlete’s body inadvertently, and therefore allow a
tribunal more flexibility when making a sanctioning decision.
• Eg: Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, etc.
• Non-specified: Cocaine, Amphetamine, Anabolic Steroids, HGH,
etc.
 HERBAL PRODUCTS
• Some herbal products contain banned substances. For
example, the plant Ma Huang (Chinese Ephedra) contains the
banned drug ephedrine. Therefore, products containing Ma
Huang are banned.
• Extreme caution should be taken when using nutritional
supplements and/or herbal products as they may contain
banned substances not shown in the list of ingredients.
 HAIR LOSS PRODUCTS
• Finasteride:
a substance contained in particular in a
number of hair loss treatments (Propecia).
• It was added to the List in 2005 (in- and out-of
competition) following compelling research showing
that they could mask steroids in the doping control
process.
• Removed from banned list in 2009 due to advances in
steroid profile assays
 APHRODISIAC AGENTS
•Sildenafil, aka: Viagra
•Not banned
•Under study as alleged enhancement of
athletic performance, especially at altitude.
 INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS (IVI)
• An IV infusion is the supply of fluids or other liquid substrates through a
vein; achieved by inserting a specialized needle into a vein and
infusing fluids at a predetermined rate from a reservoir.
• Since 2005, intravenous (IV) infusions have been included in the WADA
list of prohibited substances and methods under Section M2.Prohibited
Methods,
• Chemical and Physical Manipulation and are prohibited both in and
out-of-competition.
• The current wording states that “Intravenous infusions are prohibited
except in the management of surgical procedures, medical emergencies
or clinical investigations.”
 SUPPLEMENTS
• Supplements can present a high risk for several reasons:
• They do not fall under the same regulations as food and medicines. This means
they do not have to state all their ingredients on the label, so you may not know
what you’re taking
• Advertising of supplements can suggest untested claims about their benefits
• Production of some supplements has low quality control, which means that there is
a chance of contamination with other products that may be banned substances.

• Diet,
lifestyle and training should all be optimized before considering
supplements.
• Athletes should assess the need for supplements by consulting an accredited
sports dietician, registered nutritionist with expertise in sports nutrition, or a sports
and exercise medicine doctor, before taking supplements.
 Drugs
• Beta-blockers are used as a
relaxant.
• Examples of this drug include
atenolol and nodolol.
• Some beta-blockers are available on
prescription to treat angina and
have a similar effect to alcohol.
 Drugs
Their use is subject to certain restrictions
in some sports and banned completely in
others.
Effects can include:
• Users maintain a slow heart rate and
low blood pressure which is useful in
tense situations.
• Their calming effect also helps in high-
risk sports where speed is involved.
 Drugs
• They steady the hand, which is important
to competitors in target sports.

However, they can reduce the heart rate

so much that there is a danger that the
heart may stop.
 Drugs
Masking agents are taken to
hide the presence of another
drug, which would otherwise
disqualify the performer.

Examples of this drug include

epitestosterone, probenecid and
diuretics.
 Drugs
Some masking agents do not appear
on the list of banned substances for
particular sports, so their presence is
legal.
 HAZARDOUS EFFECTS OF
DOPING AGENTS ON HUMAN
BODY
 EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES - STIMULANTS
Drugs used by athletes to increase alertness and hide their
natural feelings of tiredness.
Gets them keyed up for competition. e.g. Cocaine,
psuedoephedrine
The use of stimulants can lead to:
• A rise in body temperature
• The body having difficulty cooling down
• Faster breathing
• Increase in blood pressure
• Problems with coordination and balance
• Violent and aggressive behaviour
 EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES -
DIURETICS
• Drugs used to increase fluid loss from the body in an
attempt to decrease weight. These drugs are used by
athletes in sports with weight categories. They are
also used by some athletes in an attempt to dilute
their urine so to avoid detection of anabolic steroids.
The use of diuretics may cause the athlete to:
• Faint and become dizzy
• Get headaches
• Feel nauseous
• Lose coordination and balance
• Get cramps
• Have kidney and heart failure
 EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES -
ANABOLIC AGENTS
Anabolic steroids are a manufactured version of the
hormone testosterone which is found naturally in our bodies.
Anabolic steroids are used to increase muscle strength and
power.
Male Athletes might:
• Develop breasts
• Develop acne on face and back
• Produce less sperm
• See testicle size decrease
• Become aggressive and violent towards others
 EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES -ANABOLIC
AGENTS
• Female athletes might:
• Grow hair in places they never
have before e.g. faces, backs
and buttocks
• Develop acne
• Stop menstruating
• Develop a deeper voice
• Become aggressive and violent
towards others
 EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES -NARCOTIC
ANALGESICS
E.g. heroin, morphine
These are strong painkillers used by athletes to
mask the pain of injury.
These can affect the athlete in the following ways:
• A loss of balance
• Decreased ability to concentrate
• Sleepiness
• Breathing becomes slower
• Nausea and vomiting
• Further aggravation of injury
 EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES -PEPTIDE
HORMONES, AND OTHERS
E.g. Human Growth Hormone
Hormone taken in an attempt to increase
size and strength of muscles.
Health risks include:
• Acromegaly - athlete’s hands, feet and face grow very
large
• Problems with joints and muscles making it difficult to train
or compete
• Diabetes
 EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES -PEPTIDE
HORMONES, AND OTHERS
E.g. Erythropoietin (EPO)
Taken to increase red blood cell count to increase
oxygen uptake.
Health risks include:
• Thickening blood
• Clots, thrombosis
• Stroke or heart-failure
 EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES -
BLOOD DOPING
•A procedure which involves injecting extra
blood, red blood cells, artificial oxygen carriers
and related blood products into the body as a
means of increasing the oxygen carrying
capacity of the blood. Increases the amount of
energy available and used primarily in
endurance events.
• Flaws in technique can lead to complications
ranging from bacterial infections to fatal
reactions.
• The sharing of needles or blood can lead to
diseases such as hepatitis or HIV.
 EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES -
BETA BLOCKERS
A type of drug often used by people with heart problems or high
blood pressure. Athletes competing in such events as archery or
shooting might use them to try and stop their hands and bodies from
shaking when they aim at a target.
Beta Blockers act to:
• Lower blood pressure
• Slow the heart rate
• Steady hand movement
They may cause:
• Harm to athletes with low blood pressure, heart problems, asthma
• Depressive symptoms such as insomnia, nightmares and depression
• Sexual dysfunction
• Tiredness
 EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES -ANTI-
INFLAMMATORIES
Athletes using anti-inflammatories may have problems
with:
• Gastric irritability
• Gastric bleeding
• The symptoms of injury being masked
Athletes using steroidal anti-inflammatories such as
corticosteroids may have problems with:
• Softening of scar tissue
• Weakening of injured area (muscle, bones, tendons,
ligaments)
 EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES -
ALCOHOL
There is little difference in amount of alcohol consumed
between athletes and the general populations.
Involvement in sport may actually encourage alcohol
consumption:
• After game drinks to celebrate wins or commiserate losses
• After training drinks
• Spectator consumption of alcohol during sporting events
• Sporting stars promoting alcohol
• Sports events sponsored by alcohol companies
The link between alcohol and the sporting culture is very
strong, therefore young athletes may be vulnerable to the
misuse of alcohol.
 EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES -
CAFFEINE
• Caffeine is sometimes used by athletes to try to
hide how tired they are feeling. Covering up this
feeling of tiredness can result in injury of sickness.
Caffeine is also responsible for:
• A small increase in blood pressure
• A small increase in body temperature
• An increase in how often a person may need to go
to the toilet (diuresis)
• Making it more difficult to fall asleep
• Headaches is some athletes
CAFFEINE
 EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES -
AMINO ACIDS
• Amino Acids are found naturally in protein foods or can be
taken artificially in the form of amino acid supplements.
• Athletes may use supplements in an attempt to improve
their performance or physique. This may result in an excess
intake of protein or amino acids which may cause:
• Excessive weight gain
• Dehydration - the body requires large amounts of fluids to
excrete protein
• Gout - affects the joints
• Excessive loss of urinary calcium
• Excessive stress on the liver and kidneys
• A build up in the blood to toxic levels
SAMPLE COLLECTION
PROCEDURES
 DOPING TEST TYPES
• In-competition tests
• In-competition tests refer to doping tests performed
in connection with a competition event. Unless
otherwise specified in the rules of the international
or another relevant antidoping organization, this
refers to a period starting 12 hours prior to the
competition and ending at the end of the
competition and the related collection of samples.
 DOPING TEST TYPES
Out-of-competition tests
• Targeted doping tests are also carried out outside of competitions. Out-of-
competition samples are tested for non-approved substances, anabolic agents,
peptide hormones, growth factors and similar substances, ß2-agonists, hormone
and metabolism modulators, diuretics and other masking agents as well as all
prohibited methods.
• International sports federations may have rules of their own regarding the
substances to be tested. It is the athletes responsibility to be aware of the
relevant rules.
Athletes are chosen for out-of-competition tests in a targeted manner or by
drawing the athletes to be tested during the training of a certain group or
athletes on a camp.
 SAMPLE TYPES
Urine Sample tests
Doping control is most often carried out based on urine tests. The urine
sample is used in analyzing the use of prohibited substances and
methods.
Blood Sample tests
Blood samples may be taken for identifying prohibited substances and
methods, for screening or as a part of long-term monitoring in order to
create an athlete's personal profile.
Blood samples are collected according to the instructions of the
International Standard for Testing and Investigations.
DOPING CONTROL
PROCEDURE
 RIDER NOTIFICATION
•After a Rider finishes training or race a tester will
verbally inform the rider that they need to do a drugs
test
•They will be asked to sign the Doping Control Form.
•Failure to comply with these request have the same
implication as a positive test result.
 AN RIDER IS ENTITLED TO
Request to see the Doping Control Officer and
Chaperone’s ID card
Nominate a representative of their choice to
accompany them during the sample collection
Request a delay in reporting to the Doping Control
Station (DCS) for a valid reason
 VALID REASONS FOR A DELAY IN
REPORTING FOR TESTING
• Locating a representative
• Obtaining photo I.D. (License)
• Competing in further Competitions
• Obtaining necessary medical treatment
 RIDER RESPONSIBILITIES
Produce identification, when requested, to the
DCO/Chaperone
Stay within sight of the DCO/Chaperone assigned
to them at all times until they have provided their
sample and signed the Doping Control Form
 RIDERS RESPONSIBILITIES
Comply with the sample collection procedures - the
first sample they provide, after notification is at the
DCS
Retain control of their urine sample until it is
securely Sealed
The doping control
station

Entrance
The doping control
station

Reception
The doping control station

Waiting Room
The doping control station

Waiting Room
The doping control station

Washroom for Urine Provision

The doping control station

Doping Control Room

The doping control station

Doping Control table

The doping control station

Refractometer
The doping control KIT

IOC/WADA Approved Bereg Kit

 DOPING CONTROL PROCEDURE
The 25 Steps Approach
• (1) Athlete arrives to the doping control station
• (2) Athlete selects a kit
• (3) Athlete verifies all sample code numbers
• (4) DCO records the sample code numbers on the Form
• (5) DCO instructs the athlete to pour his/her urine into the
“B” bottle
• (6) DCO instructs athlete to place cap on collection vessel
 DOPING CONTROL PROCEDURE
The 25 Steps Approach
• (7) DCO instructs athlete to invert the “B” glass bottle
and check for leakage
• (8) DCO instructs athlete to place the “B” glass bottle
into the “B” plastic container
• (9) DCO instructs athlete to pour remaining urine into
“A” glass bottle while leaving a few drops to test for pH
and SG
• (10) DCO instructs athlete to place cap on “A” glass
bottle, invert and check for leakage
• (11) DCO instructs athlete to place the “A” glass bottle
into the “A” plastic container
 DOPING CONTROL PROCEDURE
The 25 Steps Approach
• (12) DCO instructs athlete to seal both containers
• (13) DCO checks the residual urine for pH and SG
• (14) DCO records readings on Doping Control Form and
reads declaration to athlete
• (15) DCO records the time the sample was sealed
• (16) DCO instructs athlete to initial the form
• (17) DCO asks the athlete to indicate any medications /
nutritional supplements consumed in the last 10 days
 DOPING CONTROL PROCEDURE
The 25 Steps Approach
• (18) DCO reviews the Doping Control Form for errors /
blank omissions.
• (19) DCO signs the form as the DCO for the first sample.
• (20) DCO asks the athlete and athlete’s representative if
they are satisfied with the manner in which the
doping control process was conducted.
• (21) DCO asks the athlete’s representative to sign.
• (22) DCO asks the athlete to record any remarks and
sign the form.
 DOPING CONTROL PROCEDURE
The 25 Steps Approach
• (23) DCO separates the paper work and informs the athlete of
which copy will go the laboratory.
• (24) DCO places the athlete’s sample and the laboratory’s
copy of the paper work into the Versapak transportation bag.
• (25) DCO provides the athlete with his/her copy of the
paperwork and informs the athlete to retain his/her copy for a
period of six weeks. DCO also informs the athlete that he/she
will only be notified if there is a problematic finding.
 DOPING CONTROL PROCEDURE
• The Transportation bag should contain:
• The sealed samples
• The lab copies of the Doping Control Form
• The Lab Advice / Chain of Custody Form
• The bag should be sealed as soon as possible (after a
testing session is complete or the bag is full)
• The bag should be sealed or in a secure place when
you are not with them
DOPING CONTROL PROCEDURE
IMPORTANT:
• Samples should be refrigerated as soon as possible
• Samples should be sent to the lab as soon as possible
• Samples should be sent by courier and waybill should
be noted for tracking and chain of custody
THANKS!
ANY ?????