Materi Kuliah SCM Modul #4

DELIVERY
Logistic-WH - Distribution

Pre Agusta S
Resume: Supply Chain Management (SCM)?

Plan Source Make Deliver

• A set of approaches used to efficiently integrate

• Suppliers
• Manufacturers
• Warehouses
• Distribution centers
• So that the product is produced and distributed
• In the right quantities
• To the right locations
• And at the right time
• System-wide costs are minimized and
• Service level requirements are satisfied

2
 Siklus Supply Chain

Plan

Delivery Source

Make
Universe Outlet Indonesia : 2 Mio Distribution Network

Alfamart Indomart Century Kimia F

8557 outlet 9451 outlet 341 outlet 562 outlet

K24
326 outlet
JNE Log
5000 outlet

Distribution is a key-success of Business in Indonesia

KFC
472 outlet

SPBU Kantor Pos BRI BRI Pegadaian

5100 outlet 4067 outlet 9451 outlet 9451 outlet 4895 outlet
 Infrastructure
Indonesian archipelago •Transportation
•Ports
•Warehosue

Distribution
Challenges

stringent quality demands

Pressure on cost efficiency- Indonesia
of the Regulator
Universal Coverage (JKN)

5
 Logistic Infrastructures in Indonesia
In a report released in January 2010, the World Bank ranked
Indonesia 75th among the 155 economies rated in its Logistics
Performance Indicators.

Source: World Bank

Source: Muh. Asrofi Consultant, Transportation & Logistics Practices

 Indonesia Logistic Performance Index
Indonesia LPI in 2014 : rank 59 of 166 countries

Indonesia LPI in 2010: rank 75

Overall, Indonesia LPI 2014
was improved compare to
2010  positive perception
for Indonesia Logistic business

7 7
Source: World Bank LPI 2010; 2014
 Indonesia Logistic Cost

Indonesian Logistic Cost is the highest

among Advanced and Asean Countries :
27% from GDP

Indonesia Logistic Cost per Component Logistic Cost Increment (%)

Cost (% of GDP) Average 2004-2011 30 25.99
25 21.81
Transportation Costs 12.04 20.36
18.52
20
Inventory Costs 9.47
12.83
15

%
10.49
Administration Costs 4.52
10 5.77
Total Logistic Costs 26.03 5

Transportation Costs is the biggest contribution in 0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Logistic Costs
↑ logistic cost in 2006 & 2008  highly correlated
with BBM price increased
8
Source: state of logistic Ind 2013
 Distrbution of Pharmaceutical Product Indonesia

206 Manufacturer GMP

•2.810-Distributor
•60% in Jawa –bali GDP/GSP Registered
•Only 30 Distributor have branches Distributor Pharmacist
in15 Prov PBF
•5 PBF owned 85% Market share

Licensed Drug
Hospitals Pharmacy
store GPP
(2200) (12.000)
(5200 ?)

End Customer (PATIENTS)

 “Value Chain” Pharma Industry

Supply of Raw Production-Manufacturing Distribution

material
Pasien

Material Production Distribution

Cost &Availability Cost &Capacity Cost &Coverage

• Improve Sourcing of Raw Material

• Increasing National Production Capacity & Efficiency (>200
Manufacturer)
• Integrated Supply chain to provide (fullfil) stock
availability (>2000 PBF distributor)
Pharmaceutical Distribution
1. Warehouse

Distribution Center Branches

Plant
2. Transportation pharmacy-
hospital
Warehouse
• LOCATION
• LAYOUT
• IDENTIFICATION
• STORAGE CONDITION
Warehouse - ISSUES
• Sotrage Condition- Product Stability
•Ambient Temperature (below 30 deg C)
•Below 25 deg C
•Cold room (2 – 8 deg C)

• Space Utility vs Flow of goods

Warehouse Management
• Make maximum use of space
• capital cost of space is very high
• Make effective us of labor and equipment
• material handling equipment is the second largest capital cost
• need best mix of equipment and labor
• all SKU’s should be easy to find
• move goods efficiently
• WAREHOUSING – Good Storage
Practices

ELEMENTS OF WAREHOUSING
• LOCATION
• LAYOUT
• IDENTIFICATION
• MATERIAL HANDLING
Good Storage Practices (WHO standard)
• Personnel
• Premises and facilities
• Storage areas
• Storage conditions
• Monitoring of storage conditions
• Storage requirements
• Documentation: written instructions and records
• Labelling and containers
• Receipt of incoming materials and pharmaceutical products
• Stock rotation and control
• Returned goods
• Dispatch and transport
• Product recall
produk retur, produk bad
Hal-Hal penting dalam Gudang
• LOCATION (akses transportasi, bebas banjir, aman)
• LAYOUT
• Ease of receipts, storage and issues, Uninterrupted movement of material,
men and equipment.
• Optimum utilization of space, ease of locating the material.
• Safety,Security, Better supervision.
• Building. : Preferably single storied, enough height, proper lighting and
ventilation, protection against hazards like fire and lightening.
• IDENTIFICATION
• 1.Labeling, tagging,writing, painting, engraving, stamping, color coding on the
part/case/box.
• 2.Bar coding
• 3.RFID
• MATERIAL HANDLING (Racking ,pallet mover, forklift etc)
• Storage Condition
4*) .Warehouse Management System
Transportation Cost

• Warehouse Management System • Cross-docking

• WMS central database • Bar-coding input system
Warehouse Activities
• Receive goods
• Identify goods
• Dispatch goods to storage
• Hold goods
• Pick goods
• Marshal the shipment
• Dispatch the shipment
• Operate an information system
 WH Activity

Goods Receiving Storage & Picking

(Penerimaan Barang) (Penyimpanan & Penyiapan) Delivery (Pengiriman)

UNLOADING LOADING
STORAGE
GOODS
RECEIPT ORDER
PICKING SORTATION
CHECKING DELIVERY
Kondisi Penyimpanan
• Ambient temperatur (suhu Kamar), tidak dikontrol
• Dibawah 25 der C (Ruang AC)
• Suhu 2 – 8 der C (Referigerator)

Suhu Penyimpanan berhubungan dengan Stabilitas Produk

Selain Suhu biasanya Produk farmasi ada yang sensitif

terhadap :
•Cahaya Matahari
• Kelembaban
 ?
Suhu Penyimpanan = Suhu Transportasi
Long time Storage Short time Storage

•Untuk Penyimpanan Suhu khusus (2-8 der C, atau minus 70 der C,

suhu penyimpanan dan suhu transpotasi harus sama.

•Untuk penyimpanan Suhu AC, kondisi gudang dan kondisi transportasi

bisa berbeda tergantung rekomendasi Prinsipal,(Misal: bisa pakai
transportasi biasa, suhu maks 40-50 der C selama tidak lebih dari 7-10
hari transportasi)
Phsical Control and Security

• Limited access
• locked
• to ensure transactions are completed
• A well trained workforce
• to ensure transactions are completed
• familiar with handling the goods
Locating Stock - Basic Systems
• Group functionally related items together
• Group fast moving items together
• Group physically similar items together
• Locate working stock and reserve stock separately
 Locating Stock - Functionally Related Items
• Items that are similar in their use or characteristics
• warehouse staff become familiar with the items
• similar order processing needs
• often ordered together
• hardware items
• bulk items
• security?

Locating Stock - Fast Moving Items

• Close to receiving or shipping
• Reduces travel time
• Slower moving items can be further away
Locating Stock -
Physically Similar Items
• May have similar storage requirements
• refrigeration
• shelving
• Use similar handling equipment
• drums vs small items
• steel tubing vs cartons
Locating Stock -
Working Stock & Reserve Stock
• Pick orders from a single location
• ‘home’ location
• Allows more compact picking area
• closer to marshalling area
• reduces order picking travel time
• Reserve stock is handled in bulk
 Kapasitas penyimpanan vs
Racking System Kecepatan pengeluaran barang
Shelving – Long Span

Shelving Pigeon Hole

Stapelling High Racking

Selective Pallet Racking (SPR)
 Selective Pallet Racking (SPR)
Verry Narrow Aisle Racking
 Very Narrow Aisle (VNA)
Storage Area vs Temperature

Ambient Area Cool Storage

Chiller Storage Control Temperature

 Cool Room Area (below 25 oC)
 Cold Storage / Chiller (2 – 8 oC)
 Material Handling Equipment
• Pedestrian/ Pallet Mover • Reach Truck • Turrets
• Handpallet
Technology Applications
• Bar Codes
• paper labels which show a product code
• RF Tags
• Radio Frequency
• do not need to ‘see’ the item

• Reduce recording errors

• Improve transaction speed
Reverse Logistics (product retur)
“A complete supply chain dedicated to the reverse flow of products and materials
for the purpose of returns, repair, remanufacture, and/or recycling.”
• APICS 11th Edition Dictionary

• Can represent major costs to a company

• Amount of goods returned
• up to 50% in the publishing industry
• 90% of automotive starter motors or alternators
• Companies are taking responsibility of the return of
packaging materials
 • Goods are returned to supplier
• Information is also needed
Reverse Logistics • reason / approval for the return
• credit information

Supplier Customer

Returned Goods
Information
Returned Goods
• quality demands by customers
• damage or defects
• excessive inventories
• seasonal inventories
• out-of-date inventories

• remanufacturing or refurbishment
Returned Goods - Disposition
• Returned to inventory
• Refurbished for resale
• Sold into alternate markets

Value
• Disassembled to retrieve components
• Sorted for material recovery
 Improve Logistics
and Transportation

• TRANSPORTATION effectiveness
Physical Distribution

Figure 13.1 Supply chain (logistics system)

Transportation
• Movement of goods
• Highest portion of distribution costs
• 30 - 60%
• Adds place value to the product
 Improve Logistics
and Transportation Peta Persebaran Industri di Indonesia
effectiveness Distribution
Challenges
Kalimantan Sulawesi
3,75% 7,17%
Maluku & Papua
0,96%

Sumatera

12,54%

Jawa
67%
Bali, NTB, NTT
8,63%

Hingga tahun 2009, penyebaran industri Indonesia masih terpusat di Pulau Jawa
dimana mencapai 67% dari seluruh industri yang ada di Indonesia
46
Industri Farmasi : 95% di Jawa
 Total 206 Pharma Plant, 95% in Java

80 75

70
Banten
60
Jkt
50 Jabar
40 Jateng
40 36
Jatim
30 Sumsel
24
21 Sumut
20
Sumbar
10 7 Yogya
1 1 1
0
Banten Jkt Jabar Jateng Jatim Sumsel Sumut Sumbar Yogya
Transportation issues
(lead time and cost)
• Route of delivery ( 3 routes)
• Mode of Transportation ( Truck, Train,
Ship, air)
• Loading Factor ( FCL vs LCL)
• Infrastructure
• Climate and season
Objectives of Transport Management

1. Cost Optimization
2. Improved service Carrier
3. Transportation/logistics as a competitive Selectio
differentiator.
n and
Routing
4. Time to market

Fixed cost Variable cost

Vehicle cost ( Depreciation ,leasing) Labour cost ( Laoding & Unloading )
License fee (SIM) Fuel, Consumables & Oil cost
Insurance cost
Driver salary
Road tax (STNK)
Administration & Maint.Cost
 Indonesia Logistic Cost

Imbalance in using different transportation modes Logistic Costs in Indonesia compare to Japan
reinforced the contribution to the transportation
costs in Indonesia

Challenge for PBF to manage

mix transportation modes
50 50
Source: Bappenas 2011
Regional Distribution Center to improve Transportation effectiveness and efficiency

PM1 PM2 PM3

Cross-docking
51

FCL
Direct Delivery
 Distribution Network
Coverage mapping & Transportation Mode

DC Surabaya
DC Jakarta

Moda :
 Improve Logistics and
Transportation effectiveness
 - Key success factor – Distribution era JKN

1.Delivery Effectiveness

SERVICE LEVEL =Product Availability = ORDER FULFILLMENT

Delivering Product ,
In the right quality and quantities
To the right locations
And at the right time

 Maintain good order quantity

2.Delivery Effeciency
 proper term of payment

Cost of Working Capital

OPTIMIZE Supply chain COST
• Days Of Inventory
• Days of Acc Receivable
• Days of Acc Payable
Cost of Warehousing
Cost of Transportation
 Distrbution Key Succes Factor
 Maximize Coverage
 Optimize between “Sole distributor “or Multi distributor

 Optimized Regional Distribution center and Point of delivery

 Optimized routing and loading

 Quality and Safety :

 Storage Condition ( Good Storage Practices – Warehouse management system)

 Reliable Transportation system and Good Distribution Practices

55
 SYSTEM yang menjamin Kualitas Obat

Factory/Pabrik GMP
200

Distributor
2400
GDP/ APOTEKER
GSP (Kompetensi Apoteker)

Apotek
10.000-20.000
GPP
Good distribution Pratices
(GDP)Organisasi dan Manajemen
Personel
Manajemen Mutu
Bangunan Pergudangan dan Penyimpanan
Kendaraan dan Peralatan
Kontainer utk pengiriman dan Pelabelan Kontainer
Pengiriman
Transportasi dan Produk saat Transit
Pengemasan dan Pelabelan ulang
Komplain
Penarikan
Produk Reject dan Retur
Produk farmasi dipalsukan (counterfeit)
Impor
Aktifitas Kontrak
Inspeksi Dir
Points of GDP (Good Distribution Practices)
1. MANAJEMEN MUTU
Dalam suatu organisasi “Jaga Mutu” (Quality Assurance) merupakan bagian dari
manajemen kualitas.Dalam penerapan CDOB harus ada sebuah dokumen kebijakan
kualitas yang menjelaskan intensitas dan arah kebijakan distribusi yang secara resmi
ditandatangani oleh manajemen.
Manajemen kualitas meliputi :
Insfrastruktur atau “Sistem Kualitas” terdiri dari struktur organisasi, prosedur, proses dan
sumber; dan tindakan sistematis yang menjamin kepercayaan yang ada bahwa produk
baik dari segi pelayanan dan dokumentasinya mendukung kualitas, keseluruhan dari
tindakan ini disebut ”Jaga Mutu”.

2.PERSONALIA
Organisasi, kualifikasi dan tanggung jawab
Struktur organisasi perusahaan hendaklah dibentuk untuk menunjang pelaksanaan
operasional yang baik bagi suatu distributor. Dengan adanya struktur, setiap karyawan
mengetahui tugas dan tanggungjawabnya. Agar pekerjaan berjalan dengan efesien dan
efektif, maka pemilihan karyawan harus dengan kualifikasi yang sesuai. (PP 51)
Points of GDP (Good Distribution Practices)

3.BANGUNAN DAN PERALATAN

Pedoman yang berhubungan dengan gedung, gudang dan prinsip umum penyimpanan dapat
mengacu pada Good Storage Practice (GSP), WHO, 2003. Sistem yang digunakan dalam
distribusi obat di gudang adalah First Expire First Out (FEFO) atau yang sering disebut juga First
In First Out (FIFO). Obat - obat yang tanggal daluarsa nya lebih dekat dijual atau didistribusikan
terlebih dahulu.

4. DOKUMENTASI
Suatu distributor hendaknya mempunyai SOP yang menerangkan secara jelas bermacam-macam
kegiatan operasional yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas produk atau aktifitas distribusi
seperti,
Pengadaan obat, Penerimaan Obat, Penyimpanan Obat, Penyaluran Obat,
Penarikan kembali obat, Penanganan produk kembalian dan Pemusnahan obat,
5. INSPEKSI DIRI
Tujuan inspeksi diri adalah untuk melakukan penilaian apakah seluruh aspek distribusi dan
pengendalian mutu sarana distribusi memenuhi ketentuan CDOB.
 Points of GDP (Good Distribution Practices)

PENANGANAN VAKSIN
Tujuan pengawasan untuk mencegah beredarnya vaksin yang tidak memenuhi syarat
mutu dan melindungi masyarakat terhadap penggunaan vaksin yang tidak
memenuhi persyaratan.
Pemantauan Penerimaan Vaksin dan Distribusi
Daftar Pelanggan
Jaminan mutu pada cold chain.
Catatan pentimpanan : waktu, temperatur, dll
Kartu stok : tanggal, jumlah, cara pengemasan dan pendistribusian
SOP untuk penyimpanan produk yang disetujui
SOP penyimpanan (di gudang)
SOP pengiriman, kondisi akhir transit dan penyimpanan
Validasi metode dan monitoring pengiriman
Recall
Peran dan Fungsi Apoteker di Distribusi obat
• PP 51 memberikan perhatian pentingnya penjagaan
kualitas obat di level distribusi, oleh karena itu
diwajibkan adaseorang Apoteker di Distribusi
• Sebelum PP 51, peran pekerjaan kefarmasian di
Distribusi lebih banyak dilakukan oleh AA
• Peran Apoteker di Distribusi :
• Kontrol legalitas penyaluran obat (recheck kebenaran surat
pesanan apotek dan apoteker penanggung jawab)
• Kontrol penyimpanan obat sesuai peraturan
• Kontrol jika ada produk retur dan penarikan obat
Cuplikan PP 512009

Pekerjaan Kefarmasian Dalam Distribusi atau

Penyaluran Sediaan Farmasi
Pasal 14
(1)Setiap Fasilitas Distribusi atau Penyaluran Sediaan Farmasi berupa obat
harus memiliki seorang Apoteker sebagai penanggung jawab.
(2) Apoteker sebagai penanggung jawab sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1)
dapat dibantu oleh Apoteker pendamping dan/atau Tenaga Teknis
Kefarmasian.
(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai pelaksanaan Pekerjaan Kefarmasian
dalam Fasilitas Distribusi atau Penyaluran Sediaan Farmasi sebagaimana
dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) diatur dengan Peraturan Menteri.
Pasal 15
Pekerjaan Kefarmasian dalam Fasilitas Distribusi atau Penyaluran Sediaan
Farmasi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 14 harus memenuhi ketentuan
Cara Distribusi yang Baik yang ditetapkan oleh Menteri.
 Pekerjaan Kefarmasian Dalam Distribusi atau
Penyaluran Sediaan Farmasi

Pasal 16
(1) Dalam melakukan Pekerjaan Kefarmasian, Apoteker sebagaimana
dimaksud dalam Pasal 14 harus menetapkan Standar Prosedur Operasional.
(2) Standar Prosedur Operasional harus dibuat secara tertulis dan
diperbaharui secara terus menerus sesuai dengan perkembangan ilmu
pengetahuan dan teknologi di bidang farmasi dan sesuai dengan ketentuan
peraturan perundang-undangan.
Pasal 17
Pekerjaan Kefarmasian yang berkaitan dengan proses distribusi atau
penyaluran Sediaan Farmasi pada Fasilitas Distribusi atau Penyaluran
Sediaan Farmasi wajib dicatat oleh Tenaga Kefarmasian sesuai dengan tugas
dan fungsinya.
Pasal 18
Tenaga Kefarmasian dalam melakukan Pekerjaan Kefarmasian dalam Fasilitas
Distribusi atau Penyaluran Sediaan Farmasi harus mengikuti perkembangan
ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi di bidang distribusi atau penyaluran.
KOMPETENSI UTAMA APOTEKER DI DISTRIBUSI sesuai CDOB
1.Dapat Melakukan Praktek Kefarmasian di distribusi secara profesional , ber-
etika dan sesuai peraturan/hukum yang berlaku

2.Mampu melakukan proses pengadaan Sediaan Farmasi secara baik dan Legal

3.Mengetahui dan mampu melakukan penyimpanan sediaan farmasi secara baik

dan benar

4.Mampu melaksanakan sistem dan proses pendistribusian sediaan farmasi

secara baik, benar dan tepat sasaran

5.Mampu melaksanaan pemusnahan sediaan Farmasi yang kadaluwarsa dan

rusak, secara benar dan aman

6.Mampu mengelola prosedur “penarikan-kembali” suatu produk (Product

recall/withdrawal) secara baik dan benar

7.Mampu mengidentifikasi dan melaporkan adanya kemungkinan penyalah-

gunaan obat dan pemalsuan obat di jalur distribusi.
Terima Kasih