DEVELOPMENT OF VERTICAL AXIS

TURBINES FOR IN-PIPE HYDRO

MOHAMMED ZAHID ZAKARIA KEM150705
 INTRODUCTION

• IN EVERY METROPOLITAN CITY, MASSES OF HIGH-

PRESSURE WATER CEASELESSLY SHOOT AND RUNS
AROUND A CONCEALED MAZE OF WATER PLUMBING,
WITH THE SOLE FUNCTION OF PROVIDING CLEAN
WATER TO MULTIPLE HOUSEHOLDS AND STRUCTURES.
• AS THE SYSTEM GOES THROUGH ITS DAY-TO-DAY
ACTIVITY, IT GENERATES A WEALTH OF UTILIZABLE
ENERGY THAT, IF NOT SECURED, IS SIMPLY GONE.
• THERE IS A MINOR BUT PROMISING MOVEMENT TO
UTILIZE THIS ENERGY AND SEND IT INTO THE
NATIONWIDE GRID, PRODUCING CLEAN, USABLE AND
RENEWABLE ENERGY
 RENEWABLE ENERGY
• NOWADAYS THE RENEWABLE ENERGY IS VERY IMPERATIVE
BECAUSE THE FIRST ENERGY SUCH AS PETROLEUM AND COAL
MAYBE NOT ENOUGH TO SUPPORT THE CONSUMER.

• THEREFORE, THE FIRST ENERGY IS SLOWLY BEING SUBSTITUTED

WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY.

• IN MALAYSIA THE RENEWABLE ENERGY COMMONLY USED IS

HYDROPOWER GENERATION TO GENERATE CLEAN ELECTRICITY.
HOWEVER, THIS RENEWABLE ENERGY DEPENDS ON THE
GEOGRAPHY SPECIFICATION.
 THEORY AND BASIC
PRINCIPLE
THE HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS FUNCTION BY
CHANGING THE KINETIC ENERGY FROM
WATER INTO ELECTRIC ENERGY. THIS IS
ACCOMPLISHED FROM WATER DRIVING A
TURBINE, AND UTILIZING THE TURNING
MOTION TO TRANSMIT ENERGY BY MEANS
OF A SHAFT TO AN ELECTRIC GENERATOR.
 IN-PIPE HYDROPOWER SYSTEMS

• IN-PIPE HYDROPOWER FRAMEWORKS CAN BE SEPARATED IN TWO CLASSES:

• INTERNAL SYSTEMS, WHERE THE RUNNER IS ENTIRELY INSIDE THE PIPE AREA AND JUST THE
GENERATOR VENTURES FROM THE CHANNEL;
• EXTERNAL SYSTEMS, WHERE THE RUNNER IS CONTAINED IN A SECONDARY CHANNEL THAT
SIDESTEPS THE PRIMARY ONE.
 INTERNAL SYSTEMS

• INTERNAL SYSTEMS HAVE THE BENEFIT OF A

DENSER SIZE THAT MAKES THEM
PROGRESSIVELY SUITABLE, BUT NOT LIMITED,
FOR MINOR APPLICATIONS.
• POWER YIELD VARIES FROM 5-10 WATTS,
ADEQUATE TO SUPPLY SELF-CONTROLLED
WATER METERING OR MONITORING
SYSTEMS, TO 100 KW FOR ADDITIONAL
POWER DEMANDING APPLICATIONS.
 EXTERNAL SYSTEMS

• EXTERNAL SYSTEMS DON'T HINGE SO

SEVERELY ON PIPE MEASURE SINCE THE
RUNNER IS SURROUNDED IN A PARTICULAR
CHANNEL, AND PERMIT FOR EVEN SUPERIOR
ADAPTABILITY.
• THEIR PRINCIPLE DRAWBACK IS THE
REQUIREMENT FOR BIGGER VAULTS TO HOUSE
THE TURBINE AND GENERATOR COMPILATION,
MAKING THEM LESS APT FOR RETROFIT
MEDIATION ON CURRENT WATER
FOUNDATIONS.
 FLOW TO WIRE
• MULTIPLE LEADING COMPANIES HAVE
CRAFTED MACHINERY TO SEIZE THIS
ENERGY, WHICH IS IDENTIFIED AS “FLOW
TO WIRE”. THIS INCORPORATES A
REVERSE PUMP, A GENERATOR AND
CONTROLLERS THAT CAN BE MOUNTED
AT A WATER MANAGEMENT PLANT OR
UNDERGROUND WATER SYSTEMS THAT
SUPPLY WATER TO COMMUNITIES.

• THE EQUIPMENT UTILIZES THIS HIGHLY

PRESSURED WATER TO EXTRACT ENERGY
AND SEND IT STRAIGHT TO THE GRID.
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

• THE PRESENT DAY IN PIPE HYDRO SYSTEMS ARE EFFICIENT BUT THE PROBLEM LIES IN THE FACT
THAT ONCE IT BREAKS DOWN THE WATER FLOW WILL BE STOPPED AS WELL WHICH CAN
CAUSE DROUGHT IN THE AREA.
• THUS, WE ROSE TO THE OCCASION TO DESIGN A SYSTEM WHERE IT EXTRACTS ENERGY FROM
THE FLOWING WATER IN PIPES AND ON THE OCCASION THAT IT BREAKS DOWN IT WILL NOT
IN ANY WAY WHATSOEVER EFFECT THE WATER FLOW.
CONCEPT
METHODOLOGY
 METHODOLOGY

• THE RIG IS MADE MOSTLY WITH ACRYLIC GLASS

• THE CURVE FOR THE TURBINE IS MADE USING 3D
PRINTER WITH PLA FILAMENT.
• THE INLET PIPE IS 60MM IN DIAMETER AND MADE
FROM PVC.
• USING 1.65KW POWERED PUMP.
• NOZZLE WITH A 0.6 NOZZLE RATIO.
• THE DIAMETER OF THE TURBINE IS 25CM FROM
BLADE TO BLADE.
METHODOLOGY
 METHODOLOGY

• THE BASE AND TURBINES WERE MADE FROM

STAINLESS STEEL WHILE THE TOP WAS
COVERED WITH ACRYLIC GLASS TO VIEW THE
FLOW OF WATER.
• THE INLET PIPE IS 60MM IN DIAMETER AND
MADE FROM PVC.
• THE RIG HAS A HEIGHT OF 8CM.
• THE 1ST TURBINE HAS A DIAMETER OF 14 CM
WITH 6 BLADES AND THE 2ND TURBINE HAS A
DIAMETER OF 16 CM WITH 10 BLADES.
METHODOLOGY
RESULTS
RESULTS
 CONCLUSION

• WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT IN ANY TURBINE THE NUMBER OF BLADES WILL AFFECT THE RPM OF THE TURBINE I.E. THE
MORE THE BLADES THE MORE CONTACT THERE IS WITH THE WATER FLOW AND HENCE MORE KINETIC ENERGY IS
EXTRACTED FROM THE WATER AND MORE POWER IS GENERATED.
• IN THE CASE OF 2 TURBINES IN SERIES IT IS IMPORTANT TO KEEP IN MIND THE RATIO OF BLADES BETWEEN THE 2
TURBINES. USING MAXIMUM NUMBER OF BLADES IN BOTH THE TURBINES IS NOT IDEAL AS MAJORITY OF THE POWER
EXTRACTED WILL BE FROM THE FIRST TURBINE AND THE SECOND TURBINE GENERATES VERY LOW POWER.
• SO THE NUMBER OF BLADES IN THE FIRST TURBINE SHOULD BE LOWERED WHILE THE NUMBER OF BLADES IN THE
SECOND TURBINE CAN BE MAXED AS THERE ARE NO TURBINES AFTER IT. THE RATIO OF BLADES IS DETERMINED BY
WHETHER THE POWER LOST DUE TO DECREASING BLADES IN THE FIRST TURBINE IS LESS THAN THE POWER GAINED IN
THE SECOND TURBINE DUE TO LESS INTERRUPTION IN THE WATER FLOW BEFORE REACHING IT