GENERAL

PIPING
REQUIREMENTS:
1. ALL PIPING SHOULD RUN PARALLEL TO
THE BUILDING WALLS.
-- If such piping consideration is not
considered, the lay-out of pipes would be like a
“MAZE” which would complicate line tracing
(more so if no color coding exists) as well as
repairs and alterations….

With space limitations (as in

the case of ship vessels0) such
type of pipe laying could no
longer be prevented….
2. GROUPED PIPING SHALL BE SUPPORTED
ON RACKS EITHER ON HORIZONTAL OR
VERTICAL PLANES.
EXAMPLES OF PIPE SUPPORTS:
EXAMPLES OF PIPE SUPPORTS:
EXAMPLES OF PIPE SUPPORTS:
EXAMPLES OF PIPE SUPPORTS:
EXAMPLES OF PIPE SUPPORTS:
PIPE SUPPORTS
LISTING OF PIPE SUPPORTS:
3. ALL PIPING TO HEADERS SHALL COME
FROM BELOW RACK.
4. ALL PIPING FROM HEADERS SHALL GO UP
ABOVE RACK.
5. ALL PIPING ABOVE OR BELOW RACKS
SHALL BE SUPPORTED ON SEPARATE
RACKS.

Separate rack for pipes located at different elevations

6. ALL PIPING
SHOULD RUN WITH
SLIGHT
INCLINATION.
 7. ALL PIPING ON RACKS SHALL HAVE A
SUFFICIENT SPACING.

With the right spacing,

repairs/ alterations could be
done in a jiffy as well as
maximizing space limitations

Although maze like in appearance, there

are still workable spaces for repairs/
alterations
 -- Pipes layed without proper spaces would be
next to impossible to be repaired/ altered unless
the whole piping system is disassembled.
8. ALL PIPING 63.5MM (6.35CM) AND ABOVE
SHALL BE FLANGED WHILE SMALLER ONES
CAN BE SCREWED.

Flanged connections
Screwed connections
9. ON LONG HEADERS, A PAIR OF FLANGES
SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR EVERY THREE-
LENGTHS OF 6000MM OF PIPES 63.5MM
AND ABOVE.
10. ON LONG HEADERS, A PAIR OF UNIONS
SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR EVERY THREE-
LENGTHS OF 6000MM OF PIPES SMALLER
THAN 63.5MM.

UNIONS

PLUGS
 COUPLING

NIPPLE

UNION

THREADED PIPE CONNECTORS

11. ALL PIPING SUBJECTED TO VARYING
TEMPERATURES SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH
EXPANSION JOINTS OR EXPANSION LOOPS

EXPANSION JOINTS

certain sections prone to thermal expansion are fixed rigidly

with respect to a given foundation/ support it would likely
develop THERMAL STRESS which could be a reason for
failure
12. NO GALVANIZED PIPING SHALL BE USED
FOR STEAM APPLICATIONS.
13. NO PIPING MATERIAL SHALL BE USED THAT
IS EASILY CORRODED BY MATERIAL
PASSING THRU.

THERMOPLASTIC PIPES/ VALVES/ FITTINGS

14. ALL PIPING SHALL BE CLAMPED BY “U-
BOLTS” OR CLAMPS TO SUPPORTING
RACKS EXCEPT STEAM PIPING. ALL STEAM
PIPING SHALL BE SUPPORTED ON
ROLLERS OR SLIDING SUPPORT.

ROLLERS

U-BOLT
15. PIPING SUPPORTS SHOULD BE PLACED ON
A 3000MM INTERVAL OR LESS.
16. ALL PIPING CARRYING PRESSURE SHALL BE OF
SUFFICIENT BURSTING STRENGTH FOR THE
PRESSURE APPLIED. A MINIMUM FACTOR OF
SAFETY OF 4 FOR WORKING PRESSURE APPLIED
SHALL BE USED.
17. FOR CONVEYING LIQUIDS SUBJECT TO
WATER HAMMER, ADDITIONAL FACTOR
OF SAFETY OF 100% OF THE WORKING
PRESSURE SHALL BE APPLIED.

WATER HAMMER
ARRESTER/ ATTENUATOR
WATER HAMMER is a phenomena that is characterized
by vibration and distinct sounds within
pipes when the valve controlling the fluid
flow is suddenly stopped.
For fluid to flow
it requires force/
pressure. Once the flow
is impeded, the flow
crashes at the “wall” of
the valve .
This sends
shockwaves
chracterized by
vibration and distinct
sounds.
 The end result is catastrophic depending upon the
volume flow rate of fluid as well as the pipe diameter.

From top left; Ruptured valves to a

damaged pipeline (top right and bottom)

Damaged brought about by water

hammer in a hydraulic power plant.
18. ALL PIPING CARRYING STEAM, HOT
WATER, OR HOT LIQUIDS SHALL BE
PROPERLY INSULATED.
19. DRAINS FROM STEAM PIPING SHALL
BE PROVIDED WITH STEAM TRAPS.

STEAM TRAPS

STEAM DRAIN
20. ON ALL SCREWED JOINTS, THE
THREADED PORTION SHALL ENTER
FITTINGS WITH THREE THREADS BY
HAND BEFORE A PIPE WRENCH IS TO
BE USED.
21. PIPE THREADS SHOULD BE LUBRICATED
BY WHITE LEAD, RED LEAD, GRAPHITE,
AND OIL OR OTHER APPROVED THREAD
LUBRICANTS BEFORE TIGHTENING.
22. NO RUBBER OR RUBBERIZED GASKETS
SHALL BE USED FOR STEAM OR OTHER
HOT LIQUIDS.
23. A SHUT-OFF VALVE SHALL BE INSTALLED
ON EVERY BRANCH FROM HEADERS.
24. ALL PIPING SHALL BE REASONABLY
BE CLEANED BEFORE INSTALLATION.
25. ALL PIPING SHALL BE FREE FROM BURRS
OR PROTRUDING METALS INSIDE.
26. NO PIPING SHALL BE IMBEDDED IN
CONCRETE WALLS OR FLOORS.
27. WHERE PIPING HAS TO BE LOCATED IN
TRENCHES, THE PIPES SHALL BE
SUPPORTED ON STEEL BRANCHES ON
FLOOR OF TRENCH.
28. WHERE PIPING HAS TO BE LOCATED IN
TRENCHES, A SUITABLE DRAINAGE OR
SUMP FOR REMOVAL OF LIQUID
ACCUMULATIONS SHALL BE PROVIDED
FOR TRENCH.
29. WHERE PIPING CARRYING STEAM OR HOT
LIQUIDS HAVE TO PASS WALLS OF
CONCRETE SUITABLE SLEEVES MADE OF
PIPES ONE SIZE BIGGER SHALL BE
IMBEDDED IN CONCRETE BEFORE THE
PIPE IS LAID.
30. PIPING TO ALL EQUIPMENT SHALL NOT
BE SUBJECTED TO ANY STRESS ON
EQUIPMENT BEING CONNECTED.
31. PIPES CARRYING LIQUIDS WITH SOLIDS
SHALL USE LONG RADIUS ELBOWS OR
TEES WITH PLUGS IN THE DIRECTION OF
FLOW.