 Solution – a homogeneous mixture of

two or more substances

solute – substance being dissolved

solvent – dissolving medium

For a salt water solution:

The solute is
salt
The solvent is
water
 SOLUBILITY
The amount of a substance which will dissolve in a given
amount of a particular solvent under certain conditions (ie.
temperature and pressure.

Which substance has the

highest solubility at 20oC?

KI

How many grams of KCl

will dissolve in 200 g of
water at 60oC?

90 g
For all solutions:
soluble – will dissolve
insoluble – will not dissolve

For liquid/liquid solutions only:

Miscible - will dissolve Immiscible – will not dissolve

 Unsaturated Solution – when less solute is
dissolved in a solvent than is possible under
the existing conditions

 Saturated Solution – when as much solute is

dissolved as possible under the existing conditions

 Supersaturated Solution – when more solute is

dissolved in a solvent than should be possible
under the existing conditions
 An unsaturated solution?
It would dissolve

 A saturated solution?
It would sink to the bottom
(it would not dissolve)

 A supersaturated solution?
Crystals of solute will start precipitating
Heating

Stirring

Increasing Surface Area

 For Solids:
In general, the solubility of a solid in a liquid
increases as the temperature of the solvent
increases.
 For Gases:

1. In general, the solubility of a gas in a liquid

decreases as the temperature of the liquid
solvent increases.

2. Henry’s Law:
The solubility of a gas
in a liquid is directly
proportional to the
pressure of the gas over
over the liquid.
 A heterogeneous mixture whose
particles (which are relatively large) will
settle out upon standing
 A homogeneous / heterogeneous
(depending on the source!) mixture
whose particles, which are intermediate
in size, will not settle out upon standing
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, AND COLLOIDS

PROPERTY SOLUTIONS COLLOIDS SUSPENSIONS

Small Medium Large

Particle Size (0.1 – 1 nm) (1-100 nm) (100 nm or larger)

Tyndall Effect No Yes No

Effect of Gravity Do not settle out Do not settle out Settle out

Cannot be Cannot be Can be

Filtration separated separated separated

Uniformity Homogeneous Borderline Heterogeneous

 The visible path produced by a beam of
light passing through a colloidal mixture;
caused by the scattering of light by the
dispersed particles
 EXAMPLES OF SOLUTIONS AND COLLOIDS

TYPE SOLUTION COLLOID

Solid/Solid Alloys (brass, etc.) Colored gems

Jell-o, jelly, blood
Solid/Liquid Ocean water (gels and sols)

Solid/Gas Sulfur vapor in air Smoke

Liquid/Solid Mercury in copper Pearls, Opals

Liquid/Liquid Alcohol in water Mayonnaise (emulsions)

Liquid/Gas Fog Hair spray (aerosols)

Hydrogen adhered to Ivory soap,
Gas/Solid platinum marshmallows

Gas/Liquid Dr. Pepper, Sprite Whipped cream (foams)

 Gels and Sols
colloidal mixtures of a solid dispersed in a liquid

 Emulsions
colloidal mixture of a liquid dispersed in a liquid

 Aerosols
colloidal mixture of a liquid dispersed in a gas

 Foam
colloidal mixture of a gas dispersed in a liquid