Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Short Course,
Texas A&M University
College Station
2005
Fracture Dimensions
Peter P. Valkó
Fracture Dimensions
Proppant Placement
Fracture
Dimensions
2
Proppant Placement Concepts
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3
Proppant Transport: Settling
Perkins-Kern-(Nordgren)
Vertical plane strain
characteristic half-length ( c ) is half height, h/2
elliptic cross section
Kristianovich-Zheltov - (Gertsmaa-deKlerk)
Horizontal plane strain
characteristic half length ( c ) is xf
rectangular vross section
Fracture
Dimensions
7
Width Equations (consistent units)
Perkins-Kern-Nordgren PKN
1/ 4
width: w, wo, wwell,o qi x f
ww, 0 = 3.27
viscosity: E'
inj. rate (1 wing): qi w 0.628ww, 0
half-length: xf
plain-strain Kristianovich-Zheltov
modulus: E' Geertsma-De-Klerk KGD
height: hf 1/ 4
qi x 2
ww = 3.22
f
E' h
Vf = w(h f x f ) f
Fracture
Dimensions
w 0.785ww
8
PKN Power-Law Width Equation
Vf = w(h f x f ) 2qi
Vf = w A Vi = qi te
xf
Vfe = Vi - Vlost
Average
w(xf)
qi
A
hf
Lost: spurt +leakoff
Fracture
Dimensions
10
Pumping time, fluid volume, proppant
schedule: Design of frac treatments
Proppant schedule:
End-of-pumping concentration is uniform,
mass is the required
Given:
Mass of proppant, target length, frac height, inj rate,
rheology, elasticity modulus, leakoff coeff, max-possible-
proppant-added-conc
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Dimensions
11
Pumping time, slurry volume (1 wing)
1
y = Area (1 f pad )
1
1 e
1 Calculate the Nolte exponent of the proppant
1 e
concentration curve
V pad Vi
2 Calculate the pad volume and the time needed to
pump it
t pad te
2qi
Vi = qi te
Vfe = Vi - Vlost
2D design: hf is given
A
hf
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18
Ex_2 Modified Target
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19
Ex_2 Input in Consistent Units (SI)
n' 0.63
K ' 1.053 Pa s 0.63 M1w, pay 33,333 lbm 15,120 kg
E ' 2.08 106 psi 1.436 1010 Pa M1w 50,000 lbm 22,680 kg
h p 45 ft 13.72 m
x f 718 ft 219 m
0.00264979 m 3 /s
qi 15 bpm 0.03975 m /s
3
l bpm
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21
Ex_2 Pumping time, slurry volume (1 wing)
5 Fluid efficiency:
V fe
e 0.385 38.5 %
Vi
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24
Ex_2 Proppant concentration at end of pumping
M1w 22,680 kg kg lb m
ce 3
788 3 49 3
Vfe 28.8 m m ft
1 e 1 0.385
Nolte exponent 0.445
1 e 1 0.385
V pad Vi 0.445 75.0 m 3 82.8 m 3
Pad
t pad te 0.445 31.5 min 14.0 min
0.445
t
Propp t t pad
14.0
kg
c ce 788 3 min
concentration t t
e pad
m 31.5 14.0
This is kg proppant in 1 m3 of slurry
c
Convert it “propp-added-to-clean” cadded
c
1
Fracture propp
Dimensions
26
Ex_2 Stages at end of pumping (after PWC)
Proppant
9 6 to 9 lb/gal Settling
2 to
lb/gal 1 lb/gal
9 lb/gal
concentrated
3 to 9 lb/gal to 9 lb/gal
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Dimensions
27
t Liq_rate (2w) Cum_liq Propp Cum Propp xf wave
min bpm gal ppga lbm ft inch
0.00 30.00 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.000
35 10
9
30
8
25 7
Liquid injection rate, bpm
gallon liquid
5
15
4
10 3
2
5
1
0 0
0 10 20 30 40
Stage design (Injected fluid and proppant amount and rate, for two wings)
Pad 0 21.9 0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 5
5 7
6 9 150,000
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30
Design Outcome
Constraints allow optimum placement of
the given amount of proppant
Some improvement is necessary
Consider higher quality proppant
Better fluid loss control
Better rheology
Larger allowable proppant concentration
Optimum placement is not possible with
traditional method: consider tip screenout
Fracture
design
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31
Additional Concerns During Design
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32
Tip Screenout vs. Near-well Screenout
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35
Net Pressure Prediction (PKN)
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37
On-site Tuning of Design
During Job Execution
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38
Main Tasks During Execution
Zonal Isolation, Cement Integrity
Perforation strategy
Pumping through tubing, casing, both
Safety considerations: wellhead, casing, tubing
Formation breakdown and Step rate test
Calibration test (Minifrac)
Pad and Proppant schedule tuning
Pumping
Monitoring: Tip screenout - near-well/well screenout
Flush
Forced closure
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Dimensions
Cleanup
39
Perforation and Execution Strategy
Adjust pad
HF2DPKN
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42
Input Parameters
Proppant mass for (two wings), lbm
This is the single most important decision variable of the design
procedure
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46
Summary
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48
Computer Exercise 2-2: Tight gas
design example
Fracture
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49
Computer Exercise 2-3: High perm
Frac&pack example
Fracture
Dimensions
50