irony

conflict
setting & atmosphere

plot
P.O.V.
characters
FICTION

BY GROUP 3
READING & WRITING
 READING & WRITING
setting & atmosphere

characters
conflict

P.O.V.
FICTION
irony

plot

ELEMENTS OF THE GENRE

BY GROUP 3
 What is
Character?

A character can be any

setting & atmosphere

characters
conflict

person, a figure, an
P.O.V.
irony

plot

inanimate object, or animal

represented in a literary
work.
 The story is often told by characters. The main
character is called protagonist, who encounters a
setting & atmosphere

characters
variety of obstacles which he must overcome within the
conflict

P.O.V.
irony

plot

story.
The antagonist is an obstacle that the protagonist must
overcome.
A dynamic character is a person who changes over
time, usually as a result of resolving a central conflict or
facing a major crisis.
A static character is someone who does not change
over time; his or her personality does not transform or
evolve.
 What is
Point-of-view?

Literature provides a lens through which

setting & atmosphere

characters
conflict

P.O.V.
readers look at the world. Point of view is
irony

plot

the way the author allows you to “see” and

“hear” what’s going on. Skillful authors can
fix their readers’ attention on exactly the
detail, opinion, or emotion the author wants
to emphasize by manipulating the point of
view of the story.
 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person
P.O.V. P.O.V. P.O.V.

involves the uses pronouns

employs
setting & atmosphere

use of either like “he,”

characters
conflict

P.O.V.
the pronoun
irony

of the two “she,” “it,”

plot

pronouns “I” “you.” “they,” or a

or “we.” name.
 Hamlet Bright Lights, Big City Night watch
William Shakespeare Jay McInerney Terry Pratchett

“I have of late, — “You are not the kind

but wherefore I know of guy who would be
setting & atmosphere

characters
not, — lost all my at a place like this at “Sam Vimes sighed
conflict

P.O.V.
irony

mirth, forgone all this time of the when he heard the

plot

custom of exercises; morning. But scream, but he

and indeed, it goes here you are, finished shaving
so heavily with my and you cannot say before he did
disposition that this that the terrain is anything about it.”
goodly frame, the entirely unfamiliar,
earth, seems to me a although the details
sterile promontory.” are fuzzy.”
 What is
Plot?

A plot is a causal sequence of events,

the "why" for the things that happen in
setting & atmosphere

history
conflict

the story. The plot draws the reader

about
irony

plot
into the character's lives and helps the
reader understand the choices that the
characters make. A plot's structure is
the way in which the story elements are
arranged.
 setting & atmosphere
conflict
irony
LINEAR PLOT
A linear plot consist of a
series of events that have a
clear beginning, middle and
end. The story unfolds in a
chronological order, which
means they are told in the
order they happened.
history
about
plot
EPISODIC PLOT TRADITIONAL
consists of a series of
loosely related
PLOT
Exposition- beginning.
incidents, usually of
Rising action- conflict.
chapter length, tied
Climax- highest point
together by a common
of the story.
theme and/or
Falling action- events
characters.
leading to ending.
Denouement- final
outcome.
 What is
Setting?

Setting gives context to the

characters’ actions in a story line. It can

timeline
history
atmosphere
conflict

also create the mood (how the reader or

about
setting &
irony

viewer feels). It’s easier to understand

why the characters in the story are doing
what they’re doing when we know where
the they are. The time of day, time of
year, and ages of the characters will also
affect how they act and what they say.
 What is
Atmosphere?

Atmosphere is a type of feeling

timeline
history
atmosphere
conflict

about
setting &
irony

that readers get from a narrative,

based on details such as setting,
background, objects,
and foreshadowing.
 01
Harry Potter and the Chamber of
Secrets
J.K. Rowling

“October arrived, spreading a damp chill

TIME over the grounds and into the castle. Madam
When did the story happen?

timeline
history
atmosphere
conflict

Pomfrey, the nurse, was kept busy by a sudden

about
setting &
irony

02 spate of colds among the staff and students.

Her Pepperup potion worked instantly, though
it left the drinker smoking at the ears for
several hours afterward. Ginny Weasley, who
had been looking pale, was bullied into
taking some by Percy. The steam pouring from
under her vivid hair gave the impression that
her whole head was on fire (Rowling 1999).”
PLACE
Where did the story happen?
 What is
Conflict?

In literature, conflict is a literary

timeline
history
conflict
atmosphere

about
element that involves a struggle
irony

setting &
between two opposing forces,
usually a protagonist and
an antagonist.
 Internal Conflict External Conflict
arises as soon as a character finds himself in
a character experiences two struggle with those outside
opposite emotions or desires forces that hamper his progress.

timeline
history
conflict
atmosphere

about
Man vs. Himself Man vs. Nature
irony

setting &
these are internal issues that The hero must overcome a
affect their actions, motivations force of nature to meet his
and interactions with other goal.
characters.

Man vs. Man Man vs. Society

The protagonist must characters’ firm beliefs are
overcome the efforts of the against norms that the entire
antagonist to reach his goal. society as a whole endorses.
 Gora by Tagore
Man vs. Himself

“…as the cab drove away, the girl joined her

hands in a brief namaskar. Utterly unprepared
for this gesture, Binoy remained frozen, unable

timeline
history
conflict
atmosphere

about
to respond. Back home, he repeatedly cursed
irony

setting &
himself for this minor lapse. Scrutinizing his own
conduct in their company from their first
encounter to the moment of parting, he felt that
his manner had been rather uncivil. He tormented
himself with futile thoughts of what he could
have said or done at specific moments.”
 Swami and Friends by R.K.Narayanan.
Man vs. Man

“Oh wretched idiots!,” the teacher said, clenching his fists,

“Why do you worship dirty, lifeless, wooden idols and
stone images? Can they talk? No. Can they see? No. Can
they take you to heaven? No. What did your Gods do
when Mohammed of Gazni smashed them to pieces, trod

timeline
history
conflict
atmosphere

about
upon them, and constructed out of them steps for his
irony

setting &
lavatory?...
Now see our Lord Jesus. He could cure the sick, relieve the
poor, and take us to Heaven. He was a real God. …
Did our Jesus go about dancing with girls like your
Krishna? Did our Jesus go about stealing butter like that
arch-scoundrel Krishna?“
The teacher paused for breath. Swaminathan’s blood
boiled. He got up and asked, “If he did not, why was he
crucified?”
 Life of Pi by Yann Martel
Man vs. Nature

The ship sank. It made a sound like a monstrous metallic

burp. Things bubbled at the surface and then vanished.
Everything was screaming: the sea, the wind, my heart.

timeline
history
From the lifeboat I saw something in the water.

conflict
atmosphere

about
irony

setting &
I cried, "Richard Parker, is that you? It's so hard to see.
Oh, that this rain would stop! Richard Parker? Richard
Parker? Yes, it is you!"
I could see his head. He was struggling to stay at the
surface of the water.
"Jesus, Mary, Muhammad and Vishnu, how good to see
you, Richard Parker!
Don't give up, please. Come to the lifeboat. Do you
hear this whistle? TREEEEEE! TREEEEEE! TREEEEEE!
 To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee
Man vs. Society

“Scout,” said Atticus, “nigger lover is just one

of those terms that don’t mean anything. It’s

timeline
history
hard to explain – ignorant, trashy people use it

conflict
atmosphere

about
irony

setting &
when they think somebody is favouring Negroes
over and above themselves...”
“You aren’t really a nigger lover are you?”
“ I certainly am. I do my best to love
everybody. It’s never an insult to be called what
somebody thinks is a bad name. It just shows
you how poor that person is, it doesn’t hurt you.
So don’t let Mrs. Dubose get you down…”
 What is
Irony?

Irony is a contrast or incongruity

services

timeline
history
teams
between expectations for a situation

about
irony
and what is reality. This can be a
difference between the surface
meaning of something that is said
and the underlying meaning.
 services

timeline
history
teams

about
irony
VERBAL IRONY SITUATIONAL DRAMATIC
when the speaker IRONY IRONY
says something in consists of a situation in occurs when the
sharp contrast to his which the outcome is audience has more
or her actual very different from information than one or
meaning. what was expected. more characters in a
work of literature.
 Harry Potter and the Order of
the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling
Verbal Irony

services

timeline
history
Harry says, "Yeah, Quirrell was a

teams

about
irony
great teacher. There was just that
minor drawback of him having Lord
Voldemort sticking out of the back
of his head!"
 The Gift of Magi by O. Henry
Situational Irony

In this short story, a young, poor couple

services

timeline
history
struggle with what to buy each other

teams

about
irony
for Christmas. The woman cuts her hair
and sells it to buy a watchband for her
husband. Meanwhile, the husband sells
his watch face to buy combs for his
wife’s hair.
 Romeo and Juliet by
William Shakespeare
Dramatic Irony

At the end of the play, Romeo finds

services

timeline
history
Juliet and believes her to be dead

teams

about
irony
though the audience knows she’s taken
a sleeping potion. Romeo kills himself
with this false knowledge. Juliet then
wakes up and, finding Romeo truly
dead, kills herself as well.
 Symbolism & motif

foreshadowing

mood/tone
FICTION

BY GROUP 3
READING AND WRITING
 READING AND WRITING
Symbolism & motif

foreshadowing

mood/tone
FICTION
TECHNIQUES & LITERARY DEVICES
BY GROUP 3
 What is
Mood & Tone?

In literature, mood is a literary element

foreshadowing
that evokes certain feelings or vibes in

mood/tone
symbolism &

readers through words and descriptions.

motif

Usually, mood is referred to as

the atmosphere of a literary piece, as it
creates an emotional setting that
surrounds the reader. The manner in which
a writer approaches this theme
and subject is called the tone.
 What is
Foreshadowing?

Foreshadowing is a literary device in

symbolism & motif

foreshadowing

mood/tone
which a writer gives an advance hint
of what is to come later in the story.
Foreshadowing often appears at the
beginning of a story, or a chapter, and
helps the reader develop expectations
about the coming events in a story.
 What is
Symbolism & Motif?

Symbols are images, ideas, sounds, or

symbolism & motif

foreshadowing

mood/tone
words that represent something else,
and help to understand an idea or a
thing. Motifs, on the other hand, are
images, ideas, sounds, or words that
help to explain the central idea of a
literary work – the theme.