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POWER ELECTRONICS
Devices, Circuits, and Applications

FOURTH EDITION
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 13
Power Supplies
Power Electronics: Devices, Circuits, and Applications, 4e Copyright ©2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Muhammad H. Rashid All rights reserved.
Learning Outcomes After completing this chapter, students should be able to do the
following:
List the types of power supplies.
List the circuit topologies of power supplies.
Explain the operation of power supplies.
Design and analyze power supplies.
List the parameters of magnetic circuits.
Design and analyze transformers and inductors.
Symbols and Their Meanings
Figure 13.1 Flyback converter. (a) Circuit, (b) Transistor Q1 voltage, (c) Secondary voltage, (d) Primary current, (e) Secondary current,
and (f) Output voltage.
Equations 13.5 and 13.6 Flyback Converter
• Because energy is transferred from the

source to the output during the time
interval 0 to kT only, the input power is
given by
• For an efficiency of η, the output power Po

can be found from
Equations 13.7 and 13.8 Flyback Converter
• The output power Po can be equated to Po

= Vo2/RL so that we can find the output
voltage Vo as
• The allowable kmax for the discontinuous

mode can be found from Eq. (13.7) as
Equation 13.10 Flyback Converter
• Because the collector voltage VQ1 of Q1 is

maximum when Vs is maximum, the
maximum collector voltage VQ1(max), as
shown in Figure 13.1b, is given by
Equation 13.11 Flyback Converter
• The peak primary current Ip(pk), which is

the same as the maximum collector
current IC(max) of the power switch Q1, is
given by
Figure 13.2 Double-ended flyback converter.
Figure 13.3 Forward converter. (a) Circuit, (b) Primary voltage, (c) Transistor voltage, (d) Primary current, (e) Current of diode D3, (f)
Current of inductor L1, and (g) Output voltage.
Figure 13.4 Current components in the primary winding.
Equations 13.20 and 13.21 Current Components in the Primary Winding
• The output voltage Vo, which is the time

integral of the secondary winding voltage, is
given by
• The maximum collector current IC(max) during

turn-on is equal to I'p(pk) as given by
Equations 13.22 and 13.24 Current Components in the Primary Winding
• The maximum collector voltage VQ1(max) at turn-

off, which is equal to the maximum input
voltage Vi(max) plus the maximum voltage
Vr(max) across the tertiary, is given by
• which, after replacing Vr/Vs by Nr/Np, gives the

maximum duty cycle kmax as
Figure 13.5 Double-ended forward converter.
Figure 13.6 Push-pull converter configuration.
Equation 13.25 Push–Pull Converter
• The average output voltage is
Figure 13.7 Half-bridge converter. (a) Circuit, (b) Primary voltage, (c) Transistor Q2 voltage, (d) Transistor Q1 voltage, (e) Primary
current, (f) Inductor L1 current, and (g) Rectifier output voltage.
Equation 13.30 Half-Bridge Converter
• The output voltage Vo can be found from

the time integral of the inductor voltage
νL1 over the switching period T.
Equation 13.31 Half-Bridge Converter
• The output power Po is given by
where Ip(avg) is the average primary

current.
Equations 13.32 and 13.33 Half-Bridge Converter
• Assuming that the secondary load current

reflected to the primary side is much
greater than the magnetizing current, the
maximum collector currents for Q1 and Q2
are given by
• The maximum collector voltages for Q1

and Q2 during turn-off are given by
Figure 13.8 Full-bridge converter. (a) Circuit, (b) Primary voltage, (c) Transistor Q1 voltage, (d) Transistor Q2 voltage, (e) Rectifier
output voltage, (f) Primary current, and (g) Inductor L1 current.
Equation 13.39 Full-Bridge Converter
• The output voltage Vo can be found from

the time integral of the inductor voltage
νL1 over the switching period T.
Equation 13.40 Full-Bridge Converter
• The output power Po is given by
where Ip(avg) has the average primary

current.
Equations 13.41 and 13.42 Full-Bridge Converter
• Neglecting the magnetizing current, the

maximum collector currents for Q1, Q2, Q3,
and Q4 are given by
• The maximum collector voltage for Q1, Q2,

Q3, and Q4 during turn-off is given by
Figure 13.9 Configurations for resonant dc power supplies.
Figure 13.10 Bidirectional dc power supply.
Equations 13.43 and 13.44 Bidirectional Power Supplies
• For power flow from the source to the

load, the inverter operates in the inversion
mode if
• For power flow from the output to the

input, the inverter operates as a rectifier if
Figure 13.11 UPS configurations.
Figure 13.12 Arrangement of UPS systems.
Figure 13.13 Switched-mode ac power supplies.
Figure 13.14 Resonant ac power supply.
Figure 13.15 Bidirectional ac power supplies.
Figure 13.16 Multistage conversions.
Figure 13.17 Cycloconverters with bilateral switches.
Figure 13.18 Voltage-mode control of forward converter.
Equations 13.46 and 13.47 Voltage-mode control
• The dc operating point is given by
• The small-signal term can be separated

from the dc operating point as
Equation 13.49 Voltage-mode control
• The small-signal duty cycle is related to

the small-signal error voltage by
Figure 13.19 A current-mode controlled flyback regulator. (a) Circuit, (b) Switching current, (c) R-latch input, (d) Clock signal, and (e)
Gate drive signal.
Figure 13.20 Transformer apparent power for various converter circuits.
Figure 13.21 Core area for various core types.
Equations 13.53 and 13.55 Core Area for Various Core Types
• For N1 = N2 = N and I1 = I2 = I, the

primary or secondary volt–amperes are
given by
• Substituting NI from Eq. (13.54) into Eq.

(13.53) gives the area product as
Equation 13.56 Core Area for Various Core Types
• The current density J is related to Ap by [1]
where Kj and x are constants that depend

on the magnetic core, as given in Table
13.1.
Equation 13.57 Core Area for Various Core Types
• Substituting J from Eq. (13.56) into Eq.

(13.55), we can find Ap as given by
where Bm is in flux density/cm2.
Figure 13.22 Cores with two permeability regions.

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POWER ELECTRONICS

Devices, Circuits, and Applications

• Because energy is transferred from the

• For an efficiency of η, the output power Po

• The output power Po can be equated to Po

• The allowable kmax for the discontinuous

• Because the collector voltage VQ1 of Q1 is

• The peak primary current Ip(pk), which is

• The output voltage Vo, which is the time

• The maximum collector current IC(max) during

• The maximum collector voltage VQ1(max) at turn-

• which, after replacing Vr/Vs by Nr/Np, gives the

• The average output voltage is

• The output voltage Vo can be found from

• The output power Po is given by

where Ip(avg) is the average primary

• Assuming that the secondary load current

• The maximum collector voltages for Q1

• The output voltage Vo can be found from

• The output power Po is given by

where Ip(avg) has the average primary

• Neglecting the magnetizing current, the

• The maximum collector voltage for Q1, Q2,

• For power flow from the source to the

• For power flow from the output to the

• The dc operating point is given by

• The small-signal term can be separated

• The small-signal duty cycle is related to

• For N1 = N2 = N and I1 = I2 = I, the

• Substituting NI from Eq. (13.54) into Eq.

• The current density J is related to Ap by [1]

where Kj and x are constants that depend

• Substituting J from Eq. (13.56) into Eq.

where Bm is in flux density/cm2.

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