Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
English origins
• Reform Movements
Uniforms introduced in 1853 in New York
Use of telegraph and call boxes
Creation of police administration boards to reduce corruption
Boston police Strike of 1914 heightened police reform
History of Police
• Weblink
http://www.atf.gov/index.htm#
Law Enforcement Agencies Today
• State Police
Texas Rangers organized in 1835
Created due to low regard for local police and mobility of violators
Nearly 56,000 full-time officers in 49 departments (Hawaii has no
agency)
Law Enforcement Agencies Today
• Metropolitan Police
Vast majority of police with nearly 13,000 departments and nearly
565,000 full-time employees
Forty-six departments employ 1,000 or more officers
Nearly 800 departments employ 1 officer
Figure 15.1 Organization of a Typical Metropolitan
Police Department
CNN Clip - Patrolling The Border
Police Functions
• Patrol Function
Most visible presence (foot, cars, motorcycles, helicopters, and
other mechanized methods)
Patrol is demanding and often unrewarding
Police have initiated methods to improve patrol
• Proactive Policing
• Full Enforcement/Zero Tolerance
• Targeting Crimes
• Making Arrests
• Adding Patrol Officers
Police Functions
• Investigative Function
First established in London in 1841
Detectives use various techniques to identify offenders
Specialization of sting and undercover operations
• Are Investigations Effective?
Rand Corporation study suggested most of investigation time is
spent in unproductive work
Patrol officers solve most of the cases
Police Functions
• Problem-Oriented Policing
Herman Goldstein suggested police are too concerned with
internal efficiency
Problems should be narrowly defined
• Criminal Acts/Criminal Places
High-visibility patrols
• Combating Auto Theft (GPS and other technology)
• Reducing Violence (Gang Tactical Detail)
Police Functions
• Custodial Interrogation
Miranda decision and the Fifth Amendment
Exceptions to the Miranda rule include:
• Impeaching testimony due to perjury
• Testimony resulting from defendant’s testimony
• Only applies to legal representation, not priests or other public
officials
• Inevitable discovery
• Public safety doctrine
• Intentional misleading statements by police
• Admonishment does not apply to all interrogations
• Admissions of mentally impaired defendants
• Attorney requests to see the defendant
• People who are mentally ill
• Interrogation after invoking Miranda rights
• Harmless errors
Police and the Rule of Law
• Police Style
Some officers are service oriented whereas others take a more
active role in law enforcement
• Discretion
Selective enforcement affected by
• Environmental and community factors
• Departmental factors
• Situational Influences
• Legal factors
• Race, Class, and Gender
• Limiting Discretion
Written rules
Civilian review boards
Issues In Policing
• Controlling Force
Tennessee v. Garner (1985) prohibited shooting of unarmed
felons
Development of administrative policies controlling deadly fire
Elaborate shooting review procedures
Federal Crime Control Act of 1994
• Killing Police
51 officers killed in 2000
Nearly half while making arrests
• Nonlethal Weapons
Nearly 1000 local police forces have started using some nonlethal
weapons (wood, rubber, or polyurethane bullets)
Research suggests nonlethal weapons may reduce use of force
by police