Nanotechnology

The Next Very Big (Small)

Thing

By
SUKANYA CHOUDHARY
 CONTENTS
 Introduction to Nanotechnology
 Introduction to Nanomaterials
Need for Nanotechnology
 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
 Characterization of Nanomaterials
 Applications of Nanotechnology
Future Of Nanotechnology
 What Is
Nanotechnology
 What is Nanotechnology?

“Nanotechnology is the art and science of

manipulating matter at the nanoscale”
 Who Cares
About
Nanotechnology
Who Cares About Nanotechnology ?

We All Should Care!

– Because it can bring revolution in the current
industrialization and manufacturing processes.
 Who Cares About Nanotechnology ?

350
300
250
200
340
150 300
100 180 Amount Of Investment In
100 Billion US$/Year
50 70
22
0
How Small Is Nanoscale?
Nanoparticles
 What do you mean by Nano Particles?
Nano Particles are the particles of size between 1 nm to 100 nm
• 1 nm is only three to five atoms wide.
• ~40,000 times smaller than the width of an average human hair

Nanometer - One billionth (10-9) of a meter

• The size of Hydrogen atom 0.04 nm

• The size of Proteins ~ 1-20 nm
• Feature size of computer chips 180 nm
• Diameter of human hair ~ 10 µm
• Examples
- Carbon Nanotubes
- Proteins, DNA
- Single electron transistors

AFM Image of DNA

Carbon Nanotubes
 Synthesis of
Nanomaterials
 Synthesis of Nanomaterials

Design and preparation of nanoparticles with high functionality

i.e., to fabricate nanomaterials which have the suitable properties

for applications

The fabrication of nanomaterials of tailored properties involve the control of Size,

shape, structure, composition and purity of their constituents.

• Different Methods (Top-down and Bottom up approaches)

 Nanoparticle Synthesis
There are two approaches for synthesis of nanomaterials and the fabrication of nano
structures.

Top-Down approach Bottom-Up approach

(or self-assembly approach)

• Top down approach refers to slicing • Bottom up approach refers to the build up of a
of a bulk material to get nano sized material from the bottom: atom by
particle. atom, molecule by molecule
• Atom by atom deposition leads to formation
of Self- assembly of atoms/molecules and
clusters
• These clusters come together to form self-
assembled monolayers on the surface
of substrate
 All the synthesis/deposition techniques are divided into two
categories based on the phase of starting material
Top-Down approach Bottom-Up approach
In Top-down techniques, All the Bottom-up techniques,
the starting material is solid state the starting material is either
gaseous state or liquid state of
matter

Physical processing methods: • Physical and chemical processing methods:

Physical techniques-
 Mechanical methods :
Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD): involves
- cutting , etching, grinding
- ball milling condensation of vapor phase species
 Lithographic techniques: - Evaporation (Thermal , e-beam)
- Photo Lithography - Sputtering
- Electron Beam Lithography - Plasma Arcing,
- Laser ablation,
Chemical techniques-
CVD: Deposition of vapor phase of reaction
species
- PECVD(RF-PECVD,MPECVD)
Self-assembled Monolayer :
Electrolytic deposition, Sol-gel method,
Microemusion route, pyrolysis.
 How to synthesize nanoparticles?
The key to make nanoparticles is how to control and stop the reaction to make nano-size
products because the properties of nanoparticles depend on their size and morphology.

Top-down refers to the traditional workshop or microfabrication method where tools are used to cut,
mill and shape materials into the desired shape and order.
Bottom-up refers to methods where devices 'create themselves' by selfassembly. Chemical synthesis is a
good example. Bottom-up should broadly speaking be able to produce devices much cheaper than top-
down methods, but getting control over the methods is difficult when things become larger and more
bulky than what is normally made by
chemical synthesis.
Characterization
of
Nanomaterials
 Characterization Techniques

Two types of nanomaterial characterization:

• Spectroscopic methods
• i.e. UV-VIS, DLS
– Imaging methods
• i.e. TEM, SEM, AFM

Source: NSC students Source: NSC students

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 0-D Nanoparticles

Color of a nanoparticle solution is dependent on

nanoparticle size.

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 UV-Vis Absorption

Gives quantitative measure of color.

What wavelengths are absorbed?
What wavelengths are transmitted?

Source: Cytodiagnostics
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 UV-Vis Spectrometer

Source: Vernier

22
 Scanning Electron Microscope

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

1. e- beam strikes sample and
electron penetrate surface
2. Interactions occur between
electrons and sample
3. Electrons and photons emitted
from sample
4. Emitted e- or photons detected

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 Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM)
SEM Conidia of Aspergillus

Aspex Explorer located

at NSC
24
Scanning Electron Microscope
SiO spheres
2
(SEM) A succulent plant

Source: NSC Students Source: NSC students

25
Scanning Electron Microscope
A hair “split end”
(SEM) A “bug” eye

Source: NSC Students Source: NSC students

26
Applications Of
Nanotechnology
1. Nanotechnology Applications in Medicine
• Because of their small size, nanoscale devices can readily
interact with biomolecules on both the surface of cells and
inside of cells.
• By gaining access to so many areas of the body, they have the
potential to detect disease and the deliver treatment.

• Nanoparticles can can deliver drugs directly to

diseased cells in your body.
• Nanomedicine is the medical use of molecular-
sized particles to deliver drugs, heat, light or
other substances to specific cells in the human
body.
Nano shells as Cancer Therapy
Nano shells are injected into cancer area and they recognize
cancer cells. Then by applying near-infrared light, the heat
generated by the light-absorbing Nano shells has successfully
killed tumor cells while leaving neighboring cells intact.
 Nanowires – used as medical sensor
• In this diagram (next page), Nano sized sensing wires are laid down across a
micro fluidic channel. As particles flow through the micro fluidic channel, the
Nanowire sensors pick up the molecular identifications of these particles and can
immediately relay this information through a connection of electrodes to the
outside world.
• These Nanodevices are man-made constructs made with carbon, silicon
Nanowire.
• They can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer and may
help researchers pinpoint the exact location of those changes
 2. Nano Computing Technology

Past
Shared computing thousands of
people sharing a mainframe computer

Present
Personal computing

Future
Ubiquitous computing thousands of computers sharing each
and everyone of us; computers embedded in walls, chairs, clothing,
light switches, cars….; characterized by the connection of things in
the world with computation.
Future of Nanotechnology
Future Of Nanotechnology
 Future Of Nanotechnology

 Electronic Paper

 Nokia Morph

 Contact Lens
 Future Of Nanotechnology

National Science and Technology Council

(USA) claims that:
“Nanotechnology is an enabling technology
that will change the nature of almost every
human-made object in the next century.”
THANK YOU!