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The document discusses guidelines for tuberculosis (TB) from the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India, including:
1) Pulmonary TB is most common in children, while extrapulmonary TB makes up a large proportion of cases in adults. Around 10% of reported RNTCP cases are in children under 14.
2) TB infection means the bacteria is present but the person cannot spread it, while TB disease means the person may spread the bacteria to others.
3) Risk factors for TB infection and disease in children include exposure, young age, HIV infection, malnutrition, and lack of BCG vaccination or prophylaxis.
The document discusses guidelines for tuberculosis (TB) from the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India, including:
1) Pulmonary TB is most common in children, while extrapulmonary TB makes up a large proportion of cases in adults. Around 10% of reported RNTCP cases are in children under 14.
2) TB infection means the bacteria is present but the person cannot spread it, while TB disease means the person may spread the bacteria to others.
3) Risk factors for TB infection and disease in children include exposure, young age, HIV infection, malnutrition, and lack of BCG vaccination or prophylaxis.
The document discusses guidelines for tuberculosis (TB) from the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India, including:
1) Pulmonary TB is most common in children, while extrapulmonary TB makes up a large proportion of cases in adults. Around 10% of reported RNTCP cases are in children under 14.
2) TB infection means the bacteria is present but the person cannot spread it, while TB disease means the person may spread the bacteria to others.
3) Risk factors for TB infection and disease in children include exposure, young age, HIV infection, malnutrition, and lack of BCG vaccination or prophylaxis.
Guidelines for TB PRESENTATION BY DR MAYUR C GWALANI RNTCP Guidelines
▪ Pulmonary TB is the most common form in children but the
extrapulmonary TB forms a Large Proportion of case in adults. ▪ It is also known that about 10% of the cases reported to RNTCP are from children under 14 years of age ▪ Natural history of disease ▪ TB Infection Cannot Spread TB Bacteria to Others
▪ TB Disease May Spread TB Bacteria to others
Risk Factors for TB infection and disease in children
Title• and Content
For TB infection Layout with Chart • For TB disease
• Increased exposure • Young age
Living in high TB endemic communities Especially 0-2 years Children of families living with HIV • HIV infection Overcrowding & poor sanitation condition Risk of infection and disease Air pollution including environmental Tobacco smoke • Source case • Other immune-suppression Cavitary disease /Smear positivity Malnutrition Cough frequency / Cough hygiene Post-measles, post-viral Delay in treatment of adult case Diabetes
• Lack of contact screening • Lack of prophylaxis
• Contact with source case • Not BCG vaccinated
Closeness of contact Risk of disseminated disease with increased Duration of contact severity Childhood TB Transition
▪ Infection to disease transition in children can be a continuum and
the distinction between the two is made on the basis of presence of symptoms reaching the threshold of clinical significance. IN PRIMARY INFECTION, CHEST RADIOGRAPH SHOWS PARATRACHEAL AND/OR HILAR NODES. THERE CAN BE ASSOCIATED DIRECT SIGNS (AIRWAY NARROWING OR DEVIATION) OR INDIRECT SIGNS OF AIRWAY COMPRESSION (COLLAPSE, EMPHYSEMA). ▪ Three features common to primary infection are ▪ (1) Patient may have non-specific mild symptoms which can go un- recognized, ▪ (2) Primary lung foci are usually quite small relative to large hilar nodes, and ▪ (3) Primary foci may resemble pneumonia & can be in any lobe Parenchymal disease in primary TB typically involves areas of greatest ventilation e.g. middle lobe, superior segments of lower lobes, anterior segment of upper lobes. PROGRESSION OF A PRIMARY TB TO PROGRESSIVE PRIMARY DISEASE Case Definitions TB
▪ Presumptive Paediatric TB:
refers to children with persistent fever and/or cough for more than 2 weeks, loss of weight/no weight gain and/ or history of contact with infectious TB cases
In a symptomatic child, contact with a person with any form of active
TB within last 2 years may be significant.
History of unexplained weight loss or no weight gain in past 3 months;
loss of weight is defined as loss of more than 5% body weight as compared to highest weight recorded in last 3 months. • Presumptive Extra Pulmonary TB: refers to the presence of organ specific symptoms and signs like swelling of lymph nodes, pain & swelling in joints, neck stiffness, Disorientation etc And/or constitutional symptoms like significant weight loss, persistent fever for ≥2 weeks, night sweats.
• Presumptive DR TB: refers to those TB patients
who have failed treatment with first line drugs, paediatric TB non-responders, TB patients who are contact of DR-TB (or Rif resistance). TB patients who are found positive on any follow up sputum smear examination during treatment with first line drugs, previously treated TB cases, and, TB patients with HIV co-infection. Diagnosis Of Tuberculosis
▪ TBM most commonly presents in 6 months to 4 years age.
▪ Most severe form of TB in children and uniformly leads to mortality, if not treated timely and effectively. ▪ Lymphohematogenous dissemination of the bacilli during the initial infection leads to formation of caseous lesions in the meninges/cerebral cortex. ▪ Caseous lesions (Rich focus) discharges bacilli in the subarachnoid space and produces exudates. CECT HEADS IS THE INITIAL MODALITY OF DIAGNOSIS. IT MAY HAVE ONE OR MORE OF BASAL MENINGEAL ENHANCEMENT, HYDROCEPHALUS, TUBERCULOMA, INFARCTS IN DIFFERENT AREAS, ESPECIALLY THE BASAL GANGLIA AND PRE-CONTRAST BASAL HYPER DENSITY. IT SOMETIMES EVEN FOUND NORMAL. CONTRAST MRI HAS HIGHER SENSITIVITY THAN CECT FOR THE ABNORMALITIES SUCH AS MENINGEAL ENHANCEMENTS, INFARCTS AND TUBERCULOMAS ESPECIALLY OF LESIONS INVOLVING THE BRAINS STEMS Algorithm for diagnosis of TBM THANK YOU
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