REACHING THE AGE OF

ADOLESCENTS
 CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING
ADOLESCENCE AGE
• SEXUALITY
• RELATIONSHIP
• PHYSICAL MATURITY
• EMOTIONAL FEELINGS
 CHANGES THAT TAKE PLACE AT
PUBERTY
• VOICE CHANGE
• INCREASE IN HIEGHT
• CHANGE IN BODY SHAPE
• DEVELOPMENT OF SEX ORGANS
• INCREASED ACTIVITY OF SWEAT AND
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
• REACHING MENTAL, INTELLECTUAL, AND
EMOTIONAL MATURITY
 SECONDARY SEXUAL
CHARACTERISTICS IN MALES
• GROWTH OF BODY AND FACIAL HAIR
• DEEPENING OF VOICE
• INCREASED STATURE
• INCREASED MUSCLE MASS
• BROADENING OF SHOULDERS
• INCREASED SECRTION OF OIL AND SWEAT
GLANDS
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN
FEMALES
• ENLARGEMENT OF BREASTS
• GROWTH OF BODY HAIR
• GREATER DEVELOPMENT OF THIGH MUSCLES
• WIDENING OF HIPS
• INCREASED SECRETIONS OF OIL AND SWEAT
GLANDS
• BEGINNING OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Female reproductive organ
 MENSTRUATION OR MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
• From the onset of puberty, the two ovaries
inside a girl’s body take turns to produce an egg
or ovum, and one ovum is released every 28
days.
• The process of release of an ovum by an ovary is
called ovulation.
• The cycle of producing and releasing mature ova
is called menstrual cycle.
• During the menstrual cycle, different parts of
the body release hormones to prepare the body
for pregnancy.
• If fertilization does not occur, the released
egg, and the thickened lining of the uterus
along with its blood vessels are shed off.
This causes bleeding in women which is
called menstruation.
• The first menstrual flow begins at puberty
and is termed menarche.
• At 45 to 50 years of age, the menstrual
cycle stops. Stoppage of menstruation is
termed menopause.
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• Endocrine glands are glands of
the endocrine system that secrete their
products, hormones, directly into the blood
rather than through a duct. The
major glands of the endocrine system include
the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas,
ovaries, testes, thyroid gland,
parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and
adrenal glands.
 HYPOTHALAMUS
• The hypothalamus is a portion of the brain
that contains a number of small nuclei with a
variety of functions. One of the most
important functions of the hypothalamus is
to link the nervous system to the endocrine
system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
 PITUIRARY GLAND
• Pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is a pea-
sized structure located at the base of the
brain, just below the hypothalamus, to which
it is attached via nerve fibers. It is part of the
endocrine system and produces critical
hormones, which are chemical substances
that control various bodily functions.
 PINEAL GLAND
• Of the endocrine organs, the function of
the pineal gland was the last discovered.
Located deep in the center of the brain,
the pineal gland was once known as the
“third eye.” The pineal gland produces
melatonin, which helps maintain circadian
rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones.
 THYROID GLAND
• The thyroid is part of the endocrine system,
which is made up of glands that produce,
store, and release hormones into the
bloodstream so the hormones can reach the
body's cells. The thyroid gland uses iodine
from the foods you eat to make two main
hormones: Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine
(T4)
 PARATHYROID GLAND
• The parathyroid glands are four tiny glands,
located in the neck, that control the body's
calcium levels. Eachgland is about the size of
a grain of rice (weighs approximately 30
milligrams and is 3-4 millimeters in
diameter). The parathyroids produce a
hormone calledparathyroid hormone (PTH).
 THYMUS GLAND
• The thymus gland, despite containing
glandular tissue and producing several
hormones, is much more closely associated
with the immune system than with the
endocrine system. The thymus serves a
vital role in the training and development of
T-lymphocytes or T cells, an extremely
important type of white blood cell.
 ADRENAL GLAND
• The adrenal glands, located at the top of each
kidney, produce hormones that help the body
control blood sugar, burn protein and fat,
react to stressors like a major illness or injury,
and regulate blood pressure. Two of the most
important adrenalhormones are cortisol and
aldosterone.
 PANCREAS GLAND
• Functioning as an exocrine gland,
the pancreas excretes enzymes to break
down the proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and
nucleic acids in food. Functioning as an
endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes the
hormones insulin and glucagon to control
blood sugar levels throughout the day.
 TESTES
• The testes are known as gonads. Their female
counterpart are the ovaries. In addition to
their role in the male reproductive system,
the testes also have the distinction of being
an endocrine gland because they secrete
testosterone—a hormone that is vital to the
normal development of male physical
characteristics.
 OVARIES
• In addition to their role in producing ova,
the ovaries also have the distinction of being
an endocrine gland because they secrete
hormones—primarily estrogen and
progesterone—that are vital to normal
reproductive development and fertility.
The ovaries are oval shaped and about the
size of a large grape.
 Role of hormones in completing the
life history of insects and frogs
• The change from larva to adult is called
metamorphosis.
• Metamorphosis in insects is controlled by insect
hormones.
• In a frog, it is controlled by thyroxin, the
hormone produced by thyroid.
• Thyroxin production requires the presence of
iodine in water. If the water in which the
tadpoles are growing does not contain sufficient
iodine, the tadpoles cannot become adults.
 Reproductive health
• Nutritional needs of the adolescents
• Personal hygiene
• Physical exercise
• Say “No” to drugs