An Embedded system can be defined

as a computing device that does a

specific job.
Embedded system are characterized by

1. It does specific task. It cannot be programmed to

do different things.
2. Embedded systems have very limited resources.
3. They have to work against some deadlines.
4. Embedded systems are constrained of power.
5. They should be highly reliable.
6. They have to operated in extreme environmental
conditions.
Categories of Embedded Systems

* Stand-alone embedded systems

* Real-time systems
* Networked information appliances
* Mobile devices
Stand-alone embedded systems

They take inputs, process them and produce the

desired output.

e.g. process control

automobiles
consumer electronics items etc.
Real-time Embedded systems

In which some specific work done has to be done in a

specific time period are called real-time systems.

*Systems with strict deadlines are called hard real-

time systems.Missing a deadline may lead to a
catastrophe.

*Systems without any deadlines are called soft real-

time systems.
Networked Information Appliances

Embedded systems are provided with networked

interfaces and accessed by networks such as LAN
or the Internet.

It consists of a number of embedded systems send

real-time data to a central location from where the
entire process control system can be monitored.
Mobile Devices

Mobile devices such as mobile phones, personal

digital assistants (PDAs), smart phones etc. just
like conventional embedded systems.

The limitations of the mobile devices-

Memory constraints, small size, lack of good user
interfaces and display etc.
 Size & Weight
 Cost
 Power consumption
 Performance
 Limited user interface
 Reliability
Components

 CPU
 Memory (ROM and RAM)
 Input/Output Devices
 Communication Interfaces
 Application Specific Circuitry
I/P O/P
SYSTEM
 The first generation of microprocessors
shared a structure known as the Von-
Neumann architecture.

 Most microcontrollers began life with a

more advanced architecture called the
Harvard architecture.
 CISC RISC Von-Neumann Harvard
4-bit / 8-bit / 16-bit / 32-bit / 64-
bit Fixed point or Floating
point
Micro-Processor Micro-Controller DSP
 Von-Neumann architecture
employs the same address bus
to address both the program
and data memories.
 The Processor first uses the bus to ‘fetch’
the instruction from the program memory
and then uses the same bus to ‘fetch’ the
any data that might be required by the
instruction from the data memory before
‘executing’ of the instruction.
 This multiple
fetching reduces
the performance of
the processor.
 Fetching of instructions and data is now
performed simultaneously and hence an
increase in processor’s performance.

 Harvard architecture offers the possibility

of using a different bus width for program
memory to allow more instructions to be
implemented.
 The architecture of a microcontroller is
concerned with learning first, about its physical
pin configuration (external Architecture) and
their purposes

 second, its internal structure and memory

organization and thirdly the programming model
of the microcontroller that describes the
instructions set and how data is manipulated and
moved in and out of the processor.
1. Exploring the components.
2. Selecting the components
3. Programming.
4. Detailed development.
5. Unit testing.
6. Integration
7. System under test
 High-performance, Low-power AVR
8-bit Microcontroller

 130 Powerful Instructions - Most Single Clock

Cycle Execution

 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

 8k Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
 512K Bytes EEPROM
 1K Byte Internal SRAM
 On-chip Analog Comparator
 Programmable Watchdog Timer
 Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
 ADC
 True RISC architecture
 True single cycle execution
 One MIPS per MHz
 32 general purpose registers
 Harvard architecture
 The AVR core combines a rich instruction
set with 32 general purpose working
registers.

 All the 32 registers are directly connected

to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
THANK
YOU