PRESENTATION

ON

LIME & TILES

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :
BUSHRA MUSHTAQ VINEET KUMAR
ENROLL NO. 2017BCIV057
Roll no. 56
LIME
INTRODUCTION
Lime is an important cementing material used in
civil engineering construction.
CEMENTING MATERIAL: The material which has
capacity of holding structural unit together with
sufficient strength(like bricks, stones, aggregates).
Among this group are included lime, natural
cements, gypsum, Portland cement as well as
various other synthetic products.
Lime is an oxide of Calcium, CaO.
CLASSIFICATION
Lime is available in the market in three main types
which are Quick lime, Hydrated lime, Hydraulic lime.
Classification : based on its composition
I. Quick lime
II. Hydrated lime
III. Hydraulic lime
LIME CYCLE
QUICK LIME
Also called Fat lime, Rich lime, Pure lime.
In it CaO is grater than (93%)by weight , remaining
being MgO and very little clay.
Quick lime is Amorphous(shapeless) white material
and it has very high affinity for water and CO2.
Quick lime is prepared by heating calcium carbonate
or limestone(CaCO3) to a temperature of 1200 Celsius
in kiln and then it decomposes into calcium oxide and
gaseous carbon dioxide.
HYDRATED LIME
It is that lime to which sufficient quantity of water has
already been added at the manufacturing stage to
hydrate (slake) it completely.
In composition, it is Ca(OH)2. It comes in ready form
unlike quick lime that has to be hydrated or slaked
before using.
Lime can also be converted to hydrated lime form at
the place of construction, the method is called
Slaking of lime.
HYDRATED LIME
HYDRAULIC LIME
It is different in chemical composition from fat lime in
that it contains a definite amount of clay in addition to
CaO , clay content in hydraulic lime may range from 10
to 30% by weight.
This clay plus lime composition gives the hydraulic
lime a property of hydraulicity.
HYDRAULIC LIME
CHEMICAl REQUIREMENTS AS PER
IS:712-1973
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS AS PER
IS : 712-1973
SLAKING OF LIME OR HYDRATION
PRECAUTIONS
Only lime should be added to water and not water to
lime.
Keep water stirring and hoeing for sometimes more
even after the boiling and hissing sounds are over in
the tank.
Lime putty should be taken out as soon as it becomes
mature in the tank it should not be allowed to stiffen
and harden before use.
SLACKING OF HYDRAULIC LIME
It is done by following three methods
I. Platform slacking
II. Slacking under pressure
III. Slacking by hydrators

The basic difference in the slacking of quick lime and

hydraulic lime lies in the fact that the latter is generally
slow slacking and require less water as compared to fat
lime.
PROPERTIES OF LIME
PLASTICITY: It is defined as the ability of the lime to spread
evenly during application it is observed that
• Limes contains some magnesium oxide — more plastic, spread
smoothly and easily in comparison to Limes rich in calcium oxide.
• Limes rich in calcium oxide — pure fat lime, hard to work, sticky and
stiff quickly
SAND CARRYING CAPACITY: When lime is used in mortar or
plaster sand has to be mixed with it due to following
reasons
To control shrinkage of lime on setting
To prepare a properly plastic mix of desired strength

Limes mix with the definite quantity of sand is known as

sand carrying capacity of lime
SETTING: The setting of fat lime in free state or in mortar
is essentially a chemical process which involves
following reactions
(a) Dehydration — loss of water from the hydrated lime by
evaporation

(b) Carbonation — combining of atmospheric carbon

dioxide into lime, forming once again the original
material i.e. limestone

The net result of setting is that it us again converted into

hard substance, calcium carbonate this carbonate act as
a binding material when used as mortar.
Setting: The setting of hydraulic lime is a complex
process. This is due to the fact that hydraulic lime
contains besides oxides of calcium and magnesium,
silicates and aluminates of calcium and some oxides of
Iron.
During their setting these compounds get further
hydrated and form crystalline structure. It is for this
reason hydraulic lime can set under water also. It is more
like Portland cement then fat lime.
Hydrated fat lime sets slowly compared to pure fat lime.
Shrinkage takes place in lime on setting which can be
overcome by mixing sand or surkhi.
HANDLING AND STORAGE OF LIME
Handling and storage of lime: Lime in its raw form requires careful
handling to avoid accidents and losses
(i) Quick lime — should be protected from water, as it will start
getting hydrated with the evolution of heat that can cause burn
injuries of various serious nature.
(ii) Hydrated lime— must be protected from direct contact with
atmospheric moisture and carbon dioxide which starts setting
and gets converted to a useless hard material having no binding
properties. It is therefore required to convert the lime into lime
putty as soon as possible and stored into a compact heat covered
with a thick layer of lime dust which saves the attack of moist air.
(iii) Hydraulic lime — safer in transport and can be stored for longer
period as compared to fat lime.
USES OF LIME
Uses of lime: Lime is very useful material that finds extensive
applications in building construction, industry and agriculture
a) As a construction material: Lime was used as main binding
material in all types of construction till 19'h century. Even now
lime can compete with Portland Cement in many types of
construction
 as a mortar (lime-mortar) mixed with sand or surkhi. • as a plaster
 as a whitewash which gives sparking white finish at a very low cost
 as a lime-concrete similar to cement concrete made by mixing
lime, sand and coarse aggregate in proper proportions
 as sand-lime bricks which are quite popular in many countries
As an industrial material: In industries lime find use as
• A flux in the metallurgical industry • as a refractory
material for lining metallurgical furnaces • as a raw
material for the manufacture of glass
An agricultural input:
• Lime is used to improve productive qualities of soil
and added to the poor soils to enrich their lime
content
• Lime has also been used for soil stabilization.
TESTS FOR LIME
Building lime required to satisfy a number of tests before
it is approved for use in construction work.
1. Chemical Composition: Lime is tested To determine
ratio of different components such as CaO, MgO, Si02,
A102 and iron oxides.
• The limits of component should be as per IS:712-1973 2.
2. Fineness: To determine the fineness of grain size by
sieve analysis
• The residue is weighed after the test and should not
exceeds the specified limits.
 3. Soundness: It is defined as The capacity of lime to
resist expansion on setting
• It is tested with the help of Le Chatelier apparatus. •
Lime is mixed with sand and water and filled in mould
of the apparatus.
• The distance between the indicator points is noted and
after one hour placed in a steam boiler for three hours.
• After the boiling action, the distance between the
indicators is noted once again.
• Difference between the two readings gives a measure
of soundness which should be within prescribed limit.
4. Setting Time: The time that elapses between the
preparing of lime paste of standard consistency and
setting of the same paste after it has been tilled in a
standard mould (Vicat Mould) to a minimum specified
depth.
• Initial setting time: The time that elapses from the
gauging to the penetration of the Vicat needle in the
paste up to a specified depth — 35mm.
• Final setting time: The time that elapses from the
gauging to a time when Vicat needle can no more
penetrate the paste (because it is already set) and
makes only a mark on the surface.
5. Strength: Tested by preparing specimens of standard
sand-lime mortar,
• For compressive strength — average of 12 specimens,
tested on standard testing machine on specimens
taken after 14 days and 28 days
• For transverse strength — average of 6 specimens,
tested on standard transverse strength testing
machine
• The setting time and strength tests are recommended
for hydraulic limes only.
REFERENCES
Building construction : Dr BC Punamia
Civil engineering material : Prof. Singh
Internet
TILES
INTRODUCTION
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material
such as ceramic, stone, or even glass.
Tiles are generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls,
showers, or other objects such as tabletops.
These are Structural units molded front clays in suitable
shapes and burnt to vitrification temperatures these differ
from ordinary bricks in
Dimensions
Shape
Degree of burning
ORIGIN
Historically, man has desired to create living spaces
which were beautiful, durable, and user friendly. with that
in mind, ceramic tile has been made by man for 4000 years.
Beautiful tiled surfaces have been found in the oldest
pyramids, the ruins of Babylon, and ancient ruins of Greek
cities
Decorative tile work was invented in the near east, where
it has enjoyed a longer popularity and assumed a greater
variety of design than anywhere in the world.
During the Islamic period, all methods of tile decoration
were brought to perfection in Persia.
 Glazed bricks relief tile
wall, the Ishtar gate at
Babylon, around 575 B.C.
Painted and ,Iraq.
glazed tile of
around 880 B.C, glazed bricks
Nimrud. relief tile wall,
from the palace
of
Persepolis
around 518 B.C.
Iran
Relief tile of the early 13th
century, Afghanistan
MANUFACTURE
Tiles are manufactured by methods that are similar in
all respect to those for making bricks. The different
stages in the manufacturing of tiles are explained
below:
Preparation of clay
Moulding
Drying
Burning
STAGE 1— PREPARATION OF CLAY

Only those clay which are sufficiently plastic are suitable for making tiles. These
clay generally occur in the lower lavers of the brick clays.
The Tile clays are extracted and cleared from fragments, pebbles and organic
matter if any. These are then grounded or Crushed to a fine powder using even mills
for crushing. It is common practice to add a mixture of finely ground glass and
broken pottery at the crushing stage to increase imperviousness and strength of
tile.
For ordinary type of tiles, the powdered clay Is rendered into a homogeneous mix
using a Pugg Mill in a matter similar for brick making.
For superior type of tiles, the crushed and powdered clays is rendered into
homogeneous mix using a pug mill in a matter similar for brick making for
superior types of tiles, however, the crushed and powdered clay are thoroughly
stirred in a tank, coarse clay particles are allowed to settle in tank, water consists
fine clay particles in suspended is separated and allowed to settle at a very slow rate.
This finest clay is suitable for manufacture of delicate type of decorative tiles.
PREPARATION OF CLAY
STAGE 2 - MOULDING
There are three different methods by which tiles are moulded. Selection of method
would depend on the shape and the size of the tile to be moulded.
1) Wooden Pattern Method: It is Similar to ground moulding of bricks manual
method, this method requires skilled moulder. Wooden pattern of required shape
and size is made from seasoned wood. Ash is spread on the inner side of mould.
Lumps of pugged clay is thrown into it by moulder and surplus clay is removed by
a wire string. Tile is removed from pattern by applying pressure with lingers and
thumb. This method is suitable for flat tiles, of non-uniform dimensions, & non-
circular shapes.
2) Potter's Wheel Method: This is also a Manual method, and is best suited for
moulding circular tiles with uniform or varying diameter. In this method , the use
is made of potter wheel on which a skilled Laborer moulds tiles of required shape
from the pugged clays using the same techniques as for moulding pitchers &
other earthenware on the potter's wheel. The moulder makes deep cut on either
side on the finally moulded pipe of clay before removing from the wheel. This cut
helps splitting of two halves easily after burning.
MOULDING

Wooden Pattern
Method

Potter's Wheel Method

STAGE 3 — DRYING
Tiles Require greater caw in drying them for two reasons;
a) As tiles are thinner, they are easily deformed if they
handled carelessly .
b) Non Uniform drying may result in warping and cracking .

To over conic these difficulties, Tiles are collected and arranged

in heaps near the place of moulding till they are hand-hard.
Small deformations due to careless handling or due to drying
are corrected by using a flat wooden pallet. Thereafter the tiles
are Placed for full drying under a shed, which protects them
from direct sun and rain . Position of tiles should be changed to
get uniform exposure at all areas during drying period. Further,
Any pebbles or grit should be cleaned in the semi-dry stage of
tile, otherwise once tile becomes hard. such material will
disfigure the tile on burning.
DRYING
STAGE 4 - BURNING
When required in small number, tiles can be burnet in brick kilns. In that case. they are placed on
the edge in the upper part of the kiln over and above the last rows of the bricks. Generally two or
three rows of tiles are burnt in a brick kiln. Very often it may be only a tile- making unit. hi that case
the tiles are burnt in specially designed intermittent type kiln called Sialkot kilns.
 A Typical Sialkot Kiln - Intermittent Type
Consists of:
a) Outer wall made of bricks of suitable thickness The walls have two openings lit doors for loading
and unloading of tiles tile doors for tilling up fuels
b) The floor - which is divided into longitudinal. narrow channels at regular intervals, which are
known as the flues.
C)The roof - Which Is supported on posts covering the entire area of the kiln •
 The Burning of a hatches of 30000 to 50000 tiles arc carried out in the following manner.
 Steps:

First Step - The Flues are filled with fuel and Covered by a layer of burnt bricks that arc laid flat with
sufficient space in between to allow heat to pass upwards.
Second Step -Tiles are stacked over the brick layer edge wise with space in between to the full kiln
height a Layer of ash and old broken tiles is laid at top to conserve heat
BURNING
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TILES
Uniform Color
Properly Burnt
Free From Cracks, Haws, Bends
Hard And Durable
Proper Shape And Size
Even Anti Compact Structure
Clear Ringing Sound
TYPES OF TILES
Clay Floor Tiles
Clay Wall Tiles
Clay Roofing Tiles
Clay Drain Tiles
Glazed Earthen flare
CLAY FLOOR TILES
As the name signifies these tiles are Used for
flooring in a building.
These tiles are Flat in shape -- rectangular. square,
other geometrical outline They come in different
Dimensions , more common being — 20 x 20 x 2
cm, 15 x 15 x 1.8 cm, 22.5 x 22.5 x 2.2 cm • The
required Qualities of flooring tiles are :
Hard to resist wear, strong to resist loads
Well burnt. give ringing sound while struck with
each other
No visible foreign material like pebbles, grit, lime
or other fragments on surface or sides
Dimensional specifications with tolerance of ±3
mm for length or width. +1.5 mm for thickness
Uniform texture throughout the body
CLAY ROOFING TILES
They are Used as alternatives to corrugated and plain Galvanized Iron
Sheets and timber as rooting material for building construction -
especially sloping roots
Qualities:
Absolutely leak proof
Very durable
Easy to fix on the roof
Less maintenance cost
Types of roofing tiles:
I. Pot tiles Flat tiles
II. Allahabad tiles
III. Mangalore tiles
IV. Corrugated tiles
POT TILES
It is Ordinary but common class of roofing tiles.
The individual tile is Semi-circular in outline
and has tapering Diameter: 15 cm at one end 10
cm at other end
The Length of such tiles is : 20 to 25 cm and
Thickness: 1.5 to 2 cm they come in width of 20
and 25 cm .They are also called Pan tiles
They are Moulded by potter — hand moulded
and hence Not very dense or strong They often
have high absorption values and hence Can
suffer greater wear and tear The pan tiles differ
from pot tiles in that way they are first made as
tiles and the Curvature is given while the clay is
in green stage they are generally used in rural
areas
FLAT TILES
Specifications is as per IS: 2690 Part II
— 1975
They are almost Rectangular, uniform
in size and shape. Shall he Free from
distortions such as bends, twists and
cracks .
Minimum compressive strength: 75
kg /cm2 and a Maximum absorption
value: 20%
They are Used alone or in
combination with pot tiles for roofing
in common buildings.
THANK YOU