GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

Lesson 1: Matter and

its Properties
 Learning Objectives:

I will be able to describe the

particulate nature of the different
forms of matter.
I will be able to classify the properties
of matter.
 Learning Objectives:

I will be able to differentiate pure

substance and mixtures; elements and
compounds; homogeneous and
heterogeneous mixtures.
I will be able to recognize the formulas
of some common substances.
 Learning Objectives:

I will be able to discuss methods to

separate the components of a
mixture.
I will be able to recognize chemical
substances present in some
consumer products.
 Keywords:

Solid, liquid, gas

Chemical properties and physical
properties
Extensive and intensive properties
Atoms, molecules, ions
 Keywords:

Compounds
Distillation
Elements
Filtration
 Keywords:

Heterogeneous and
homogeneous mixtures
Magnetic separation
Mixtures
Pure substances
What is CHEMISTRY?

Study of MATTER and the

changes it undergoes.
 What is MATTER?
Made up of particles
that gives its mass and
volume.
PARTICLES COMPOSING MATTER

ATOMS MOLECULES IONS

ATOM

The smallest particle.

MOLECULES

Composed of atoms.
IONS

Particles with charges.

The arrangement and
attraction between these
particles result in different
phases of matter
 PHASES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS

PROPERTIES OF MOLECULAR BEHAVIOR
MATTER
GAS LIQUID SOLID
VOLUME/ Assumes volume Fixed volume; Fixed volume; fixed
SHAPE and shape of assumes shape of shape
container occupied part of
container

DENSITY Low High High

COMPRESS- Easy to compress Cannot be Cannot be

IBILITY appreciably appreciably
compressed compressed

MOTION OF Random, fast, cover Random, medium Vibration in place

MOLECULES large distances speed, limited
distances
A change in temperature
or pressure can
physically transform a
substance. This occurs in
a PHASE TRANSITION
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER
ACCORDING TO ACCORDING TO
CHANGE INVOLVED
DURING MEASUREMENT
DEPENDENCE ON
OF THE PROPERTY AMOUNT OF MATTER

PHYSICAL & INTENSIVE &

CHEMICAL EXTENSIVE
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
No change in composition
takes place during the
determination or
measurement of these
properties.
 Examples:

Color, odor, taste,

texture, shape, density,
melting and boiling
point.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Describe a material’s
possibility to undergo
chemical change in its
chemical composition.
 Examples:

Flammability, toxicity, reactivity to

water and oxygen like rusting, heat
of combustion, pH, oxidation states,
chemical stability, types of chemical
bonds that materials can form.
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
Substance-specific
properties that do not
depend on the amount of
the substance.
 Examples:

Density, color, luster,

malleability, conductivity,
hardness, melting point,
freezing point, boiling point.
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
properties that do
depend on the amount of
substance of the
material.
Examples:

Weight, volume,
length, mass
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Based on the number
of components
present

IMPURE
PURE SUBSTANCES SUBSTANCES
(MIXTURES)
PURE SUBSTANCES

Anything that cannot be

broken down through
physical means.
 PURE SUBSTANCES

ELEMENT COMPOUND
ELEMENT
Pure substances that are
made up of only one kind of
atoms.
Can not be simplified further.
PERIODIC TABLE
Tabular arrangement of the chemical
elements, ordered by their atomic
number, electron configuration and
recurring chemical properties, whose
structure shows periodic trends.
PERIODIC TABLE
Generally, within one row the
elements are metals to the left, and
non-metals to the right, with the
elements having similar chemical
behaviours placed in the same
column.
PERIODIC TABLE
Table rows are commonly
called PERIODS and,
Columns are called
GROUPS
PERIODIC TABLE
COMMOM GROUPS are:
IA (Alkali Metals)
IIA (Alkaline Earth Metals)
VIIA (Halogens)
VIIIA (Noble or Inert Gases)
 ELEMENTS

NON- METAL
METALS
METALS LOIDS
 METALS
 Good electrical
 Possess metallic
conductors and
luster
heat conductors.
 Malleable – can be
 Opaque as thin shit
shaped into thin
sheets.
 Solid at room
 Ductile – can be
temperature
stretched into a
(except Hg)
wire
 METALS
 Elements from
 Found in Groups
IIIB – XB
IA – IIIA; except
including
for Hydrogen
elements 57 –
(nonmetal) and
71 & elements
Boron
89 – 103 are all
(metalloid)
metals
 NONMETALS
 Poor  Do not possess
conductors of metallic luster
heat and  Transparent as
electricity a thin sheet
 Brittle (in solids  Solids, liquids, or
only) gases at room
 Non ductile temperature.
 METALLOIDS

 Intermediate  Boron (B)

between metal  Silicon (Si)
 Germanium (Ge)
and nonmetal
 Arsenic (As)
 Can be shiny or
 Antimony (Sb)
dull  Tellurium (Te)
 Excellent  Polonium (Po)
semiconductors  Astatine (At)
ELEMENTS
International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) approves the names
of elements
113 – Nihonium (Nh), 115 – Moscovium
(Mc), 117 – Tennessine (Ts), 118 –
Organesson (Og)
COMPOUND
Pure substances that are made
up of two or more kinds of atoms.
Can be broken down into simpler
forms using chemical means.
COMPOUNDS

When elements chemically

combine in a fixed proportion.
Example is water (H2O)
COMMON NAME CHEMICAL NAME CHEMICAL
FORMULAS
TABLE SALT Sodium chloride NaCl

SUGAR Sucrose C12H22O11

VINEGAR Acetic acid CH3COOH

BAKING SODA Sodium NaHCO3

bicarbonate
ETHYL ALCOHOL Ethanol C2H6O
 IMPURE SUBSTANCES
(MIXTURES)

HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURES MIXTURES
IMPURE SUBSTANCES (MIXTURES)

Forms of matter with no

definite properties and are
not combined chemically.
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES

aka SOLUTIONS
Example is powdered iced
tea dissolved in water.
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES

Mixture that has uniform

composition all
throughout.
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
A solution that contains the
maximum amount of solute
that a given quantity of
solvent can dissolve is called
SATURATED solution
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
A solution having lesser
amount of solute than what
the given quantity of solvent
can dissolve is called
UNSATURATED solution.
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
Solutions containing solute
that is more than what the
given solvent can dissolve is
classified as SUPERSATURATED
solution
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES

Has at least two different

phases of matter or
visible components.
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES

Can be COLLOIDS or
SUSPENSIONS
SUSPENSIONS
Have solute particles big
enough to settle at the bottom
of the mixture and can be
alternately filtered to separate
particles through filtration.
COLLOIDS
Intermediate to a solution and a
suspension.
Colloids such as jelly can be cloudy,
but separation of components and
settling of particles cannot be
observed.
COLLOIDS
Exhibit TYNDALL EFFECT
Observed in dispersed colloid
particles once light is directed to
such mixtures. The dispersed solutes
scatter and reflect the light.
SEPARATION METHOD BEST USED FOR EXAMPLE (S)
SEPARATING …

SIMPLE TWO MISCIBLE LIQUIDS WITH

ENOUGH DIFFERENCE IN BOILING
SEPARATING
ACETONE-WATER
DISTILLATION POINTS (GREATER THAN 70˚C);
PURE LIQUID SUBSTANCE FROM A
MIXTURE; SEAWATER
SOLUBLE SOLID – LIQUID MIXTURE

EVAPORATION SOLUBLE SOLID SEPARATING SALT

FROM A LIQUID FROM SALT SOLUTION

FILTRATION INSOLUBLE SOLID WATER TREATMENT IN

PLANTS
FROM LIQUID

MAGNETISM TWO SOLIDS WITH ONE SEPARATING IRON

PART HAVING FILINGS IN SAND
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
 SIMPLE SEPARATING
TWO MISCIBLE LIQUIDS WITH
ENOUGH DIFFERENCE IN BOILING
POINTS (GREATER THAN 70˚C); ACETONE-WATER
DISTILLATION PURE LIQUID SUBSTANCE FROM A
SOLUBLE SOLID – LIQUID MIXTURE MIXTURE; SEAWATER
EVAPORATION SOLUBLE SOLID SEPARATING SALT
FROM A LIQUID FROM SALT SOLUTION
FILTRATION INSOLUBLE SOLID SEPARATING SALT
FROM SALT SOLUTION
FROM LIQUID
MAGNETISM
SEPARATES TWO SOLIDS WITH
ONE PART HAVING MAGNETIC
PROPERTIES
SEPARATING IRON FILINGS IN
SAND