Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Management Information
Systems
BBA & MBA
Lectures 10,11,12
Technical Decomposition
(Hardware & Software)
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Lectures Administration
• IT Fundamentals
– General IT Development & Trends
– Hardware
• Importance
• Types
• Issues related with Hardware
– Software
• Operating System Vs Application Software
• Software Development
• Latest Development in Software
• Issues related with Software
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IT Fundamentals
• IS Decomposition
– Data & Information
– Technical components
• Hardware Fundamentals
• Software Fundamentals
• Database Management
• Telecommunications
• Why we are studying these fundamentals?
– These constitute the technical composition of the systems
– IS Cost resides majorly in this part
– The “Hottest Technology Available”(Need for Awareness)
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• Evolution
– The 5 – Eras of Computing
• Mainframe and Minicomputer Era (1950s)
• Personal Computer (PC) Era (1980s)
• Networking (Client/Server) Era (1980s)
• Enterprise Computing (ERP) Era (1990s)
• Cloud Computing (Internet Computing & Application) Era
(2000s)
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Infrastructure Components
• Computer hardware platforms
• Client machines
• Desktop PCs, mobile computing devices – PDAs, laptops
• Servers
• Blade servers: ultrathin computers stored in racks
• Mainframes:
• IBM mainframe equivalent to thousands of blade servers
• Top chip producers: AMD, Intel, IBM
• Top firms: IBM, HP, Dell, Sun Microsystems
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Infrastructure Components
• Computer software platforms
• Operating systems
• Client level: 95% run Microsoft Windows (XP,
2000, CE, etc.)
• Server level: 85% run Unix or Linux
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Background
• Traditional Computing Environment
– Large Vs small organizational computing
– Mainframes
– Mini
– PC environment
– Networking Needs
• Technological Questions & Advancements
– Awareness
– Affordable cost
– Availability
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• Edge computing
• Multitier, load-balancing for Web-based applications
• Significant parts of processing performed by less expensive servers
located nearby user
• Increases response time and lowers technology costs
• Akamai: Internet edge provider
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Some of the common Input & Output
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Devices
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Hardware Fundamentals
• Input Devices
– From Traditional keyboard
entry to automated input
– Graphics & Ease (touch
screens)
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Hardware Fundamentals
• Processing
– Speed & Capacity
(parallel processing)
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Hardware Fundamentals
• Output Devices
– Output needs
– Daily life pervasiveness
– Organizational
communication
channel (& Marketing
aspects)
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Hardware Fundamentals
• Storage
– Permanent Vs.
Temporary Storage
– Mobile Storage….
• Networking….
– Routers
– Switches
– Specialized Servers
– Will complete it in the
networking section
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• Storage Devices
– Storage Capacities
– Ubiquitous
Storage? www.rememberus.co.uk/
• In your pocket
• On the web
www.avdeals.com/ digitalmemory/SDCZ12807.htm
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IT Hardware Components –
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PHANTOM® Omni™
Haptic Device
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Software Fundamentals
• System Software
• Application Software
• Software Engineering & Tools
• Trends regarding software
• Management Concerns
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Software
System Application
Software Software
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System Software
• Operating System
– Microcomputer OS
• DOS
• Windows
• Unix
(GUI, Common User Access)
– Networking OS
• Netware
– Large Scale OS
• Multiprocessing
• Multitasking
• Other Important Software
– System Management Software
• System utilities
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Software
• Application software
– Easy-to-use programs designed to perform
specific tasks
• System software
– Programs that support the execution and
development of other programs
– Two major types
• Operating systems
• Translation systems (compilers & linkers)
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Basic OS Tasks
User interface
Device management
Operating
System
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Computer Hardware
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Application Software
• General Application
– Word Processing
– Spreadsheets
– File Managers
• Special Purpose Software
– TP
– Scheduling
– Analysis & Decision Making
– Presentation
– Communication
– Training
– Programming
• From low level to 4GLs
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Application Software
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Integrated
Development Environments
• Combine all of the capabilities that a
programmer would want while developing
software (VC++)
Editor
Compiler
Linker
Loader
Debugger
Viewer
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Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies
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Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies
• Ajax
• Software technique for allowing client and server to hold conversation in
background, so browser page does not need to be fully reloaded.
Google Maps.
• Web-based software tools
• Google’s online spreadsheet and word processing
• Mashups
• Combinations of two or more online applications; e.g. combining
mapping software (Google Maps) with local content
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Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies
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Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies
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Management Issues
• Application Backlogs
– Different Applications build in different languages
– Lengthy Development processes
– System Development requires commitments, time, patience
• Make
– System Requirement
– User Interface
– User Involvement Vs.
• Buy
– Availability of Built-in applications
– Cost Vs. Quality Issues
– Organization Wide Systems reducing compatibility issues
– Contract Management through Outsourcing
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References
• Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). “Management Information
Systems: Action & Strategy”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 5,6
• Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon (2001). “Management
Information Systems: Managing a Digital Firm”.(7th Ed). Chapter 5
• James O’Brien. (1998). “Introduction to Information Systems: A
Networked Enterprise Perspective”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 2,3
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