EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Department of Information Technology

First Review

Malaria Diagnosis with Peripheral Blood Smear Images using

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Supervisor
Dr.M.Mohana M.E.,Ph.D.,
Associate professor
Project by,
Shri Dikshanya K N(310615205082)
B.Shruthi(310615205083)
V.Vinothini(310615205099)
❖ Title OUTLINE
❖Abstract
❖Introduction
❖Objective
❖Existing System
❖Literature survey
❖Limitations in existing system
❖Proposed system
❖Architecture
❖List of Modules
❖Algorithm
❖Experimental Results
❖Performance Analysis
❖Pseudocode
❖References
 ABSTRACT
❖ Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by bites of infected female
anopheles mosquito.
❖ The most widely recognized approach to analyze malaria is by physically
looking at blood smears for parasite-affected red blood cells
❖ This technique is tedious and diagnosis relies on the experience of the
individual performing the examination.
❖ Image processing methods based on machine learning have been applied to
malaria blood smears for diagnosis previously.
❖ However, the practical performance has not been effective so far.
❖ The proposed system provides a novel method to automatically classify the
cells present in human peripheral blood smear images as either infected or
uninfected based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN).
❖ The simple architecture of the proposed achieved equally good results in
comparison to more complex architectures.
❖ The model could be deployed for simple medical applications that support
manual cell identification
 INTRODUCTION

• Identification of Plasmodium parasites in a blood sample using a

microscope is seen as the best way for laboratory confirmation of malaria.
• However, the malaria screening done manually the whole day is a tedious
process. The analysis is very time-consuming and might even lead to
imprecision and deviation in some cases.
• The automated advancement in malaria detection uses microscopic images
of blood slides captured from high resolution camera that will be able to
improve consistency in malaria diagnosis.
• Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) of malarial parasite is performed by first
segmenting Red Blood Corpuscles.
• The proposed algorithm uses a deep learning approach for classification of
the blood smear images into infected and uninfected.
• Thus it helps in overhauling the current laboratory technology into
computerized.
 OBJECTIVE

• To use Deep Convolutional Neural Networks to automatically classify the

cells present in human peripheral blood smear images as either infected or
uninfected
 EXISTING SYSTEM

❖ BLOOD SMEAR PROCESS

The blood smear process can be visualized here:

Figure 1 : Blood Smear Process

• First, a blood sample is taken from a patient and then placed on a slide.
• The sample is stained with a contrasting agent to help highlight malaria
parasites in red blood cells.
• A clinician then examines the slide under a microscope and manually
counts the number of red blood cells that are infected.
• According to the official WHO malaria parasite counting protocol, a
clinician may have to manually count up to 5,000 cells, an extremely
tedious and time-consuming process.
 EXISTING SYSTEM

❖ RAPID DIAGNOSIS TESTING

An example of an RDT device used for malaria testing can be seen below:

Figure 2 : Rapid Diagnosis Testing

• Here you can see a small device that allows both a blood sample and a
buffer to be added.
• Internally, the device performs the test and provides the results.
• While RDTs are significantly faster than cell counting but they are also
much less accurate.
 LITERATURE SURVEY
 Malaria Parasite Detection from Peripheral Blood Smear
Images Using Deep Belief Networks.
• This paper uses DBN based model to classify images into parasite or non-
parasite class.
• Restricted Boltzmann machine is used to train DBN using contrastive
divergence method.
• Color and texture is used as feature vector in this paper

 Machine learning approach for automated screening of malaria

parasite using light microscopic images
• In this paper, Microscopic images are used for image acquisition from
stained slides.
• Illumination correction and noise reduction, erythrocyte segmentation,
feature extraction, feature selection was done.

• Finally classification of different stages of malaria have been investigated.

• Bayesian learning and support vector machine (SVM) was used to facilitate
classification.
 LITERATURE SURVEY
❖ Segmentation of erythrocytes infected with malaria parasites
for the diagnosis using microscopy imaging.

• An edge-based segmentation of RBCs infected with malaria parasites using

microscopic images has been developed to facilitate the diagnostic process.

• Fuzzy C-means clustering is applied to extract infected erythrocytes, which

is further processed for the final segmentation.

❖ Automated image processing method for the diagnosis and

classification of malaria on thin blood smears

• Image features based on color, texture and the geometry of the cells as well
as features that make use of a priori knowledge of the classification
problem and mimic features used by human technicians.

• A two-stage tree classifier using backpropagation feedforward neural

networks distinguishes between true and false positives, and then diagnoses
the species of the disease.
 LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING
SYSTEM

 Requires segmentation of parasite-affected cells

 Optimization of parameters is not possible for big dataset .
 Initialization makes the training process computationally expensive,
resulting in requiring graphical processing units for model training.

 More time is required to train and test the dataset.

 It considers only the image intensity thereby producing unsatisfactory
results in noisy images.

 With edge detection techniques, high quality cannot be achieved for

images which have inherent speckle noise and textural characteristics.
 PROPOSED SYSTEM

• In the proposed system, first the pathologists-curated image dataset for

training deep neural network is compiled
• This is followed by pre-processing techniques such as data augmentation
methods used to significantly increase the size of the dataset to avoid
overfitting problem associated with training deep convolutional neural
networks.
• CNNs eliminate the need for manual feature extraction, so you do not
need to identify features used to classify images.
• The features obtained from the training process are stored in separate
array. These feature vectors can be taken as input for classification
purpose.
• We will then compare the classification accuracies obtained by deep
convolutional neural networks through training, validating, and testing
with various combinations of the datasets.
ARCHITECTURE
 LIST OF MODULES

 IMAGE ACQUISTION
 PRE-PROCESSING
 FEATURE EXTRACTION
 CLASSIFICATION
 IMAGE ACQUISITION

• These images were contributed by Jane Hung of MIT and the Broad
Institute in Cambridge, MA.

Figure 3 : Malaria Dataset

• Images are in .png or .jpg format. There are three sets of images
consisting of 1364 images (~80,000 cells) with different researchers
having prepared each one: from Brazil (Stefanie Lopes), from Southeast
Asia (Benoit Malleret), and time course (Gabriel Rangel).

• Blood smears were stained with Giemsa reagent.

 PRE PROCESSING

 Pre-Processing
• In image processing, the initial is the pre-processing stage.
• Improving image quality and image size changes are done in the pre-
processing stage.
• The image that is being the object mostly has poor quality, Through this
initial pre-processing operation, the image quality is improved so that the
image can be used for further stages.

Figure 4: Image Augmentation

 FEATURE
EXTRACTION
• CNNs eliminate the need for manual feature extraction, so you do not
need to identify features used to classify images.
• The CNN works by extracting features directly from images.

Figure 5 : Features extracted from the image

• The relevant features are not pre-trained.
• They are learned while the network trains on a collection of images.
• This automated feature extraction makes deep learning models highly
accurate for computer vision tasks such as object classification.
 CLASSIFICATION
 Classification
• The features obtained from the training process are stored in separate
array. These feature vectors can be taken as input for classification
purpose.
• The Convolutional neural network is one of the deep learning mechanisms
mainly used for classification, recognition and detection purpose.

Figure 6: Le-Net-5 Architecture

• The input features have been fed, and the corresponding target classes are
assigned.
• The comparison will start between the database features and the testing
features , finally the matched target class is retrieved in the output layer
from that we can able to classify the uninfected or infected blood smear
images.
 ALGORITHM

Input : NORMAL/ABNORMAL BLOOD SMEAR IMAGES

1: Sliding Window Process

2: fe ← Extract features from the image
3: repeat:
4: Forward Propagation:
5: cd ← Convolution2D(fe);
6: mp ←max_pooling(cd);
7: fc ←Fully_connected(mp);
8: class label ← soft_max(fc);
9: Backward Propagation:
10: conduct backward propagation with adam;
11: Until wi Convergences;
12: Use the trained network to predict the labels.
ALGORITHM
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
PERFORMANCE
ANALYSIS
THANK YOU