At the end of the lesson, the learners

shall be able to:

1. Define electronegativity
2. Find the electronegativity of
elements in the periodic table
3. Distinguish between polar and non-
polar molecules
Polarity Experiment
Materials :
Water
• Vinegar
• Vegetable oil
• Gasoline
• Test tubes or
graduated cylinder
• Stirring rod
Procedure
Mix the following samples well with a spoon and
observe their reactions. Stir the mixture. Remember
to wash and dry the stirring rod after each use.

a. Water + vinegar
b. Water + oil
c. Water + gasoline
d. Oil + vinegar
e. Oil + gasoline

Write your observations

Two factors that determine the polarity
of molecules.

1) The polarity of the bonds between

atoms which can be studied based on
electronegativity, and

2) The geometrical shape of the

molecule
 Electronegativity (EN) - Measure of the
relative tendency of an atom to attract
electrons to itself when chemically
combined with another atom. The higher
the value of electronegativity, the more it
tends to attract electrons toward itself.

See periodic table

 Chemical bond
 Is an electrical attraction between the
nuclei and valence electrons of an atom
and which binds atoms together.
 Three types:
 Ionic bond
 Covalent bond
 Metallic bond
 Ionic bond
 Results from the transfer of one or
more valence electrons from one
atom to another. This bond exists
between a metal that has tendency
to lose electrons and a nonmetal
that has a tendency to accept
electrons.
 Covalent bond
 Formed if sharing of an electron
pair between atoms exists. It occurs
between nonmetals.
 Classified into:
 Polar covalent bond
 Nonpolar covalent bond
Polar covalent bonds occur when electron pairs are
unequally shared. The difference in
electronegativity between atoms is significant.
Examples of compounds having polar covalent
bonds are:

HCl
EN of H = 2.1 EN of Cl = 3.0 ΔEN = 0.9

HF
EN of H = 2.1 EN of F = 4.0 ΔEN = 1.9
Non-polar covalent bonds occur when electron pairs are
shared equally or the difference in electronegativity
between atoms is less than 0.5. Examples of substances
having non-polar covalent bonds are:
H2
EN of H = 2.1 ΔEN = 0.0 NON-POLAR
Cl2
EN of Cl = 3.0 ΔEN = 0.0 NON-POLAR
F2
EN of F = 4.0 ΔEN = 0.0 NON-POLAR
Intermolecular Forces
At the end of the lesson, the learners
shall be able to:
1.Describe the general types of
intermolecular forces
2. Give the type of intermolecular
forces in the properties of
substances
Intramolecular forces are many times
stronger than intermolecular forces of
attraction. Intramolecular forces are
forces that hold molecules together.
They are forces within a molecule.
Intermolecular forces are forces that
form between molecules, atoms, or
ions.
Four main types of intermolecular
forces:
1. Ion-ion interaction
2. Dipole-dipole interaction
3.Hydrogen bonding
4. Dispersion forces also known as
London forces in honor of Fritz
London.
Ion-ion interaction
exists between oppositely charged ions. It
occurs between ionic compounds. Most ion-ion
interaction is strong and compounds which
have them have high melting and boiling
points.
Ions of like charges repel while opposite
charges attract. This is the strongest
intermolecular force.
Dipole-dipole interaction
Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen bond is a very strong dipole-dipole
interaction. Hydrogen bond occurs in polar molecules
containing H and any one of the highly
electronegative elements, in particular F, O, N.
Hydrogen tends to be strongly positive due to the
strong tendencies of F, O, or N to attract the electron
towards it. The highly electronegative elements make
hydrogen strongly positive. Hydrogen bonding is
responsible for the unusually high boiling point and
melting point of water as compared to compounds of
similar molecular weight and geometry
Dispersion Forces or London Forces
is present in all molecules. It is
the only force present in nonpolar
molecules. It is very weak and acts in
very small distances. It is formed due
to the attraction between the
positively charged nucleus of an atom
with the negatively charged electron
cloud of a nearby atom.
Van der Waals forces were named after him to
pay tribute to his great contribution on the
study of liquids and gases.

In 1930, Fritz London, a German-born physicist

(March 7, 1900 - March 30,1954) traced
intermolecular forces to electron motion within
molecules. He needed quantum mechanics in
order to correctly describe the forces.
Written Exam
Identify the most probable intermolecular force of attraction
in the following:
1. KCl ----KCl
2. NH3——NH3
3. Na2S——Na2S
4. HF——HF
5. MgS——MgS
6. CH3OH——CH3OH
7. H2——H2
8. CuO——CuO
9. SbH3——SbH3
10. CO2——CO2
Written Exam
Identify the most probable intermolecular force of
attraction in the following:
1. KCl ----KCl ion-ion
2. NH3——NH3 dipole-dipole, H-bonding
3. Na2S——Na2S ion-ion
4. HF——HF dipole-dipole, H-bonding
5. MgS——MgS ion-ion
6. CH3OH——CH3OH dipole-dipole, H-bonding
7. H2——H2 dispersion forces
8. CuO——CuO ion-ion
9. SbH3——SbH3 dipole-dipole
10. CO2——CO2 dispersion forces