FUNDAMENTALS OF

RESEARCH
What is Research?
• Research is a method of acquiring knowledge based on the
scientific method of inquiry to enrich the system of objective
knowledge in the field of applied science and engineering (Almeida,
Gaerlan and Manly, 2016).
• Research is systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to
answer questions or solve problems. The goal of research are to
develop, refine and expand a body of knowledge (Polit and Beck,
2001).
• Research is both critical and self critical inquiry aimed at
contributing towards the advancement of knowledge and wisdom
(Coleman and Briggs, 2002)
Goals of Research
• To produce evidence based practice
Provide the best practice of management based on research studies.
• To establish credibility on the profession.
A profession can be identified by the body of knowledge it utilizes
• To observe accountability for the profession
Every action conducted by the profession must have a rationale.
All professionals must be accountable for each task he/she performs
• To promote cost effective through documentation
Findings or research must be shared to individuals, groups, community,
organizations for which the study was intended
Classification of Research
• Quantitative Research – type of empirical investigation.
It means that the research focuses on verifiable
observation. This type of research is expressed in numbers
• Qualitative Research – deals with understanding human
behavior in a natural settings. Analysis of data are narrative
and subjective.
• Mixed Method Research – combination of quantitative
and qualitative research
Types of Research by Purpose
• Basic Research or Pure Research. This research is conducted
largely for the enhancement of knowledge and is research which
does not have immediate commercial potential. The research is
done for human welfare, animal welfare, and plant kingdom
welfare. It is called basic, pure, fundamental research
• Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the
modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's
sake. The goal of applied research is to improve the human
condition. It focuses on analysis and solving social and real-life
problems. This type of research can also be called Action
Research.
Major Purpose of Conducting Mixed
Method
• Triangulation

• Complementarity

• Initiation

• Development

• Expansion
ETHICAL GUIDELINES AND
CONSIDERATION
Ethical Theory in Research
• Non-maleficense – researcher should avoid harming participants
• Beneficence – research on human subject should produce some
positive identifiable benefit
• Autonomy or self determination – research participants values
and decision should be respected
• Justice – all people should be treated equally
• Deception or misrepresentation – researcher must not be
influenced by other consideration except only of what is the truth of
the matter.
• Inform Consent – this means that it is absolutely essential to seek
the voluntary consent of human subject
• Privacy, Confidentiality, and Anonymity – researcher should
take measure to safeguard confidentiality
Ethical questions as guide to
researcher
• What are the beneficial consequences of the study?
• How can informed consent of the participants be obtained?
• How can confidentiality of the participants be protected?
• What are the consequences of the study for the participants?
• How will the researcher’s role affect the study?
Conceptualizing
Research Study
Steps in Conceptualizing Research
Topic
• Finding your focus
Which aspect of your discipline interest you most?
What articles have you read that raised questions in your mind?
• What are the gaps in the literature?
By topic (what is not being looked at?)
Method (what is not being done?)
Population (who is not being studied?)
Comparison (who is not being compared?)
• Where to start?
 Read
Detailed literature searches
Attend seminar, conferences and presentations
Discuss subject are with peers
Listen and ask questions
• Refining research topics
Discuss with fellow researchers
Discuss with stake holder
Assess what is most critical to learn
Assess research sources available
• Questions to ask yourself
Is this good idea
Who cares
Can it be addressed using appropriate research method
Will it stimulate interest by others and the sponsors
Is it feasible/practical/doable
Is it funded
Writing Research Title
• Does the title describe what study is all about?
• Does the title contain high specify level?
• Is the tittle academically phrased and is not verbose?
• Is the tittle within the 12 substantive word requirement of the
American Psychological Association
Writing an Introduction
• What is the problem?
• Why is it a problem?
• How it should be solve?
• Why it should be solve?
• What is the purpose of the study?
Writing the Background of the Study
• Background of Study includes
Review of the area being research
Current information surrounding the issue
Previous studies on the issue
Relevant history on the issue
Background information on the problem
Stating the Problem
• The problem statement is divided into main or major problem
and minor or sub problems. The main problem is the
verbalization of the specific questions which the researcher
wants to answer
• Main Problem (Interrogative)
• What are the factors that affect the teaching skills of teachers?
• Main Problem (Declarative)
• This study aims to design and develop an online course in Human Behavior in the
organization at the Graduate Level
• Statement of the Problem – is a concise description of the
issues that need to be addressed by the researcher
Key characteristics of a statement of
the problem
• It should address a gap in knowledge.
• It should be significant enough to contribute to the existing body of
research
• It should lead to further research
• The problem should render itself to investigation through collection
of data
• It should be of interest to the researcher and suit his/her skills, time,
and resources
• The approach towards solving the problem should be ethical
Sample of Project Objectives
• The main objective of the study is to design and develop seed sowing
machine. Specifically, it will aim to answer the following objectives
1. Design a diverse seed sowing machine which can be flexibly
adjusted depending on required seed placement.
2. Develop a prototype that will utilize economic materials.
3. Evaluate the effectiveness of the sower and compare it to the
manual operation.
4. Analyze the cost benefit of the fabricated machine.
Sources for Research Understanding
To write a research paper, you have to start well. Research is
very broad that can be broken into several categories.

• Primary sources are published original writings, reflections, and

reports that can be found in periodicals, monographs, conference
proceedings, books, theses and dissertations.
• Secondary sources are published writings and reports that analyze,
critique or report on a primary source and can be found in periodicals
and can be found in periodicals and reference books.
• Tertiary sources are indexes, dictionaries, guides and
bibliographies/ references that aid the researcher in using
primary and secondary sources.
• Non documentary sources are unpublished forms of
communication and information, which can include interviews,
conversations with professionals, students and other experts in
field.
• Online searching. It is seen as information on the internet
through major search engines such as Google, Yahoo
Deciding Whether a Source is Reliable
The following are some criteria to consider the reliability of the
source.
• Where was the research published?
• How does the new information fit with what is already known?
• How does funding influence research?
Areas of Research Interest
Kumar (1996) suggested a set of exercises in developing a research
project:
1. Select a broad area of study that interests you..
2. Having selected an area, analyze it in order to identify its sub-
problem(s)
3. From the above sub-areas, select a sub-area in which you would like
to conduct your study.
E Sources
• https://www.hindawi.com/journals/
• https://doaj.org/
• https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/search.html
• https://eric.ed.gov/
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/
• https://www.tandfonline.com/
• https://sci-hub.tw/
Writing Review of
Related Literature
Organizing the Review of Related
Literature and Studies
Organized related literature and studies inform the reader of what is
known and conflicting area.
Review
The research goes over the materials, books, journals articles,
theses, dissertations and internet presentation. The purpose is to
determine what has been written about the problem.
Related
Means “similar” especially on the problem dimension.
Major steps in a Literature Review
STEP 1: Search preliminary sources such as books, articles, theses, etc.
STEP 2: Use secondary sources.
STEP 3: Read primary sources.
STEP 4: Synthesize the literature.
STEP 5: Identify recommendations for further research.
STEP 6: Seek support for grounded theory.
Related Literature
• Related literature is also called conceptual literature. The related
literature relates to the research clarifies the different variables being
studied.
• The different variables used in the study are the focus of the literature
search.
• The review of related literature is considered sufficient if the
researcher believes that the important concepts and variables have
been adequately explained and established.
Related Studies
• Determining whether the research is objective and empirically-based
includes everything previous studies involved similar that involve
similar variables (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2013).
• An inadequate review of related studies is needed.
• The studies in the form of theses, dissertation, or journal articles.
These are collectively called research literature.
• The collected studies are related to the present study when the
author uses the same variables, sub-variables, concepts or constructs;
and same subject or topic of the study.
Included or Must Discussed in Literature
Review
• The wider context of the project;
• The problem that has been identified;
• Likely stakeholders within the problem area;
• Any theory associated with the problem area;
• Any constraints on the approach to be adopted;
• Existing solutions relevant to the problem area, and why these
are unsuitable or insufficient in this particular case;
• Methods and tools that your solution may be based on or use to
solve the problem; and so on.
Documentation Style
• Throughout the research, the published researchers are cited to
credit those who prepared the foundation of your work.
• To present someone’s ideas or work as your own is to commit
plagiarism.
• Plagiarism is a serious breach of ethics.
• The American Psychological Association (APA) is a popular style
commonly used by researchers in documentation or reference
citation.
• Documentation refers to the acknowledgement of source.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is using or putting in one’s own words to restate
the author’s ideas, and acknowledging the source to give credit to the
original author (de Belen, 2015)
• Is used when we want to express someone else’s idea in our own
words.
• Uses different words to express the same idea.
• Is rewriting the text in order to simplify focusing not only on what is
said but also on how it is said.
• Makes the understanding of the source text less difficult by braking
down the information into manageable units.
 Paraphrasing Techniques
• Replace a word with synonym.
• Paraphrasing can be longer or shorter than the original. Concentrate on the
meaning not on the words.
• Verbs and adjectives have counterparts that are interchangeable with the
authors’ original words.
• Not all synonyms have exact meanings (look at a thesaurus and double
check with s dictionary).
• Avoid using abstract word - they come as weak words.
• Use of synonyms is a problem in scientific writing because often there is only
one word to describe a certain action or object. It is better to keep
important words and change the sentence structure.
 Developing
Conceptual/Theoretical
Framework
Conceptual Framework
• Conceptual framework is the basic structure that serves as mental
window of the researcher because it depicts the research design and
the relationships of the variables involved.
• A conceptual framework is an analytical tool with several variations
and contexts.
• It is used to make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas.
• It is a written or visual presentation that explains either
geographically, or in narrative form ,the main things to be studied, the
key factors concepts or variables and the presumed relationship
among them.
Conceptual framework has different
form
It can be:
• Flowchart
• Treediagram
• Shaped based diagram
• Triangles
• Concentric circles
• Overlapping circles
• Mind maps and soft ware system
Steps in making conceptual framework
• Choose your topic. Decide on what will be your research topic. ...
• Do a literature review. ...
• Isolate the important variables. ...
• Generate the conceptual framework.
Sample of Conceptual Framework
Theoretical framework
• A theoretical framework consists of concepts and, together
with their definitions and reference to relevant scholarly
literature, existing theory that is used for your particular
study. The theoretical framework must demonstrate an
understanding of theories and concepts that are relevant to the
topic of your research paper and that relate to the broader
areas of knowledge being considered.
• The theoretical framework is most often not something
readily found within the literature. You must review course
readings and pertinent research studies for theories and
analytic models that are relevant to the research problem you
are investigating. The selection of a theory should depend on its
appropriateness, ease of application, and explanatory power.
Theoretical Framework of Social
Learner
Understanding Research
Method and Design
Concepts of Research Method and
Design
• Research Method
This refers to the philosophical, theoretical, conceptual, and
analytical perspective of research. It can be quantitative,
qualitative or mixed method.
• Approach
Refers to the first step in creating structure to the design
and it details a conceptual model or framework of how the
research will proceed, considering the objectives and variables of
the study.
• Design
This refers to the plan, structure and strategy of
investigation so conceived as to obtain answer to research
questions or problems. It is the complete scheme or program of
the research.
Meaning and Functions of a
Research Design
• A research design is plan, structure and strategy of
investigation so conceived as to obtain answers to research
questions or problem.
• It is the complete scheme or programme of the research.
Design Project Format
• Chapter 1 – Project Background
Preliminaries • Introduction
• Title Page • Project Scope and Client
• Project Objectives
• Approval Sheet • Review of Related Literature
• Adviser Recommendation • Conceptual Framework (Input – Process – Output)
Sheet • Chapter 2 – Project Methodology
• Acknowledgement • Research Design
• Design Procedure (diagram)
• Table of Contents • Description of the System
• List of Tables • Design Consideration
• Components
• List of Figures • Location
• Parameters (calculations requirements of design)
• Abstract • Constraints (health, safety, economical, sustainability,
manufacturability, political…)
• Standards (based on program code)
• Trade offs
• Chapter 3 – Design Results and Discussion
• Chapter 4 – Conclusion and Recommendation
• References – (APA format)
• Appendices
• About the Authors
APA Documentation
Tutorial

How to Cite Using APA Style

What Will this Tutorial Cover
 How and when to cite within your
text according to APA style
 How to create a References list,
citing a variety of sources:
 Print
 Electronic
 Media
 What to do if you come across
something unusual not covered in
this tutorial
 What is APA?
• APA = American Psychological
Association
• Promulgates guidelines for preparing
student research papers and projects
and scholarly manuscripts in the social
and behavioral sciences
• “APA style” refers to a system of citing
research sources
• For all papers in APA style, use 12-pt, Times New Roman font
Why Should I Cite?
1. Citing identifies sources used in a research paper or
project

2. It gives credit to those researchers, authors, and

writers whose words or ideas you borrow,
acknowledging their role in shaping your research.

3. It allows others to follow-up on or retrieve this material

4. To avoid charges of plagiarism

What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is:
• The unacknowledged use or appropriation of another
person’s words or ideas
• A form of cheating or stealing
• A serious academic offense

When you borrow words or ideas from sources to support

your argument or research you must give proper credit.
By crediting your sources, you avoid plagiarism. If you do
not cite a source--intentionally or unintentionally--you are
guilty of plagiarism.
When Should I Cite?
When in doubt, give
Many students plagiarize credit to your source!
unintentionally. Remember,
One of my parents
whenever you summarize, always said, “Don’t
paraphrase or quote another wet your bed” (Mom,
author's material you must 1990).
properly credit your source.

If you are using another person’s

idea, you must also cite your
source!
Summary, Paraphrase, Quote
• A summary (aka ‘abstract’) briefly captures the main ideas of
your source
• A paraphrase is a restatement of the text of your source in your
own words (more detail than a summary)
• Quotations can be direct (using quotation marks) or indirect
(no quotation marks and often introduced by ‘that’)
• A noted psychologist states, “As recently as 20 years ago, a bed-wetter
was psychologically castigated for what could have been a physiological
problem” (Tikling, 2009).
• A noted psychologist observes that just two decades ago bed-wetters
suffered psychologically for a medical problem that may have had a
physiological source (Tikling, 2009).
How Do I Cite?
There are two parts to citing according to APA style:

1. Brief In-text citations (often in parentheses) within the body of

your essay or paper

2. List of full citations in the References page at the end of your

paper

Note:
Sources cited in the text must appear in the References page.
Conversely, each entry in the References page must be cited
in the text.
APA provides these
guidelines for citations:
In-text citations:
“References . . . are cited in text with an author-
date . . . and are listed alphabetically in the
reference list” (Publication Manual, 2010).
Reference list citations:
“Choose references judiciously . . . [and] reference
data must be correct and complete” (Publication
Manual, 2009).
 In-Text Citations
You must provide information that will
allow the reader to locate exactly where
you found information in your sources.
Usually this is the author's last name and
the year of publication, for example:
(Wasser, 2009)
Place the parenthetical reference at the end of
the sentence before the punctuation mark.
• Bedwetting emissions have been
determined to consist mostly of two parts
hydrogen to one part oxygen, plus assorted
diurnal chemicals (Wasser, 2009).
In-Text Citations, Cont’d
When the author's name appears as part of your sentence
(known as a “signal phrase”), do not use it again in the
parenthetical citation. Just give the year of publication:
• Wasser (2009) argues that bedwetting is
ultimately a genetically predisposed behavior.
When there are two authors, name both authors every time
their work is referenced in your paper:
• Among epidemiological samples, Selbst and Tikling
(2008) found that early onset social anxiety disorder
results from adverse parental responses to bedwetting.
• The study also showed that there was a high rate of
alcohol and drug abuse associated with unresolved
bedwetting issues (Selbst and Tikling, 2008).
 Other Citation Possibilities
When there are between 3 and 5 authors, name all at their first citing, including the year of
publication. At subsequent citings in your paper, retain only the first author and replace the
others with “et al.”:
• Selbst, Tikling, Wang, Getz, and Wasser (2009) believe that bedwetters have a genetic
predisposition for their behaviors.
• In work with the Human Genome Project, Selbst et al. (2009) have identified the unique gene
that contributes to bedwetting propensity.
When there are 6 or more authors, use first author’s surname and “et al.” for the others as in second
example above in all citing instances.
If the author is a group (e.g., corporation, association, government agency), use the entire
name in your in-text cite, though some groups’ names can be abbreviated after the first
instance:
• According to government figures, boys are 35% more likely across the socio-economic
spectrum than girls to wet their beds (National Institute of Mental Health, 2000). Next instance:
(NIMH, 2000)
When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words of the reference list
entry; if article, chapter or web page, use quotation marks, if periodical, book, report, use
italics:
• Bedwetters also wet couches (“IKEA Report,” 2005)
A popular college prep handbook, College Bound Seniors (2008), recommends use of the
upper bunk if your roommate is a bed-wetter.
 Other Citation Possibilities, Cont’d
Sometimes you may want to refer to more than one source in your in-text citation. In that case,
you should place them alphabetically, separated by a semicolon:
• Primary enuresis in young children is the expression of auto-erotic pleasure (Freud 1901;
Jung 1905).

To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, especially if a direct quotation; chapter;
figure; table; or equation at the appropriate point in the your text:
• In a letter to Freud, Ferenczi wrote, “I believe that syphilis leads to erythrophobia only in those
people who in their childhood had to energetically suppress their rage toward their parents
because of unjust punishment [especially because of punishment for enuresis]” (Brabant,
Falzeder, and Giampieri-Deutsch, 1992, p. 271).
• Jung establishes the significance of the father in the development of enuresis in young
children (1916, chapter 3).
 In-text Citing of Electronic Sources

Treat electronic sources the same as print sources.

Direct quotations from e-sources which don’t have page numbers are referenced by
paragraph or heading and paragraph number, if available:

• Eiberg, Berendt, and Mohr (1995) concluded in a Danish study that “nocturnal
enuresis, or nightly bedwetting in children more than seven years of age affects
about 10% of seven-year-old children, with a wide range of frequencies between
populations” (para. 4).

• A recent Italian study found that “the prevalence of enuresis was higher when the
child was from a family of low socio-economic status despite the child's age group”
(Chiozza et al., 2002, “Results,” para 3). [This source has > 6 authors (in fact, 8), so
‘et al.’ is used for all authors after the first named author.]
References List
The References list appears at the end of your
paper on its own page.
Everything you referenced in your text must be
listed in your References list .
Conversely, everything you list in the
References list must be cited in your essay.
The References list provides the information
needed for a reader to find and retrieve any
source used in your paper.
 Sample References Page
*Sources are listed alphabetically Title “References” is centered
at the top of the page

Be sure to
Indent all lines after include the digital
the first ½ inch for object identifier
each reference (doi), if the
listed source has one

*The entire
References page
is double-spaced
All citations end
*All papers in APA in a period (.),
style must be in 12-pt., except those with
Times New Roman
font a doi or URL
 Most Periodical Citations Will Include:
• Author
• Date
• Title
• Source information All words in title are lower case--
• DOI (Digital Object Identifier) except for first word, first word after a
colon, and proper nouns

Last Name, Abbreviated First

Period
Bennett, H. J. (2004,Year,
December).
Period Bedwetting:An
Month (in parentheses)
overview of treatment options. Nutrition Health
Review, 90, 5-7. doi:10.9911.1137/1
Period

Commas
Colon Volume # in italics Period
Source in italics
“digital object identifier” Page numbers
Digital Object Identifier (doi)
• A unique alphanumeric sequence, starting with “10,” used to identify
and to locate an item on the Internet
• Example: doi:10.1000/186.ken888.888lee (no period at the end)
• Also assigned to print sources
• In a database, the doi is sometimes hidden behind a button with the
name of the database on it (e.g., PsychINFO) or the word “Article.”
• When a doi is present, the URL is not necessary
General Tips:
Print Resources
Author’s last name first, then his first (and middle) name(s) abbreviated.
Camplone, A.

If more than one author, but no more than six, list all authors, separated by a comma, and connecting the last with an ampersand:
Schulman, S. L., Colish, Y., von Zuben, F. C., & Kodman-Jones, C.

Titles of books and periodicals are italicized and only the first word in title and after a colon and proper nouns are capitalized:
Water world: Enuresis, the wet and dry of it.
Clinical Pediatrics

Article and chapter titles appear in regular font with same rules for capitalization:
To treat bed-wetting, healthy doses of patience.
Books
What Should Be Included?

Butler, R. J., Green, D., & Procter, H.

Author(s) or Editor(s).
(Date of publication). (2007).
Child within: Taking the young
Complete title. person's perspective by
applying personal construct
psychology.
Edition (if indicated). (2nd ed).

Place of publication: Chichester, England:

Publisher. Wiley & Sons.
DOI (if available).
10.1007/978-1-84882-023-4
Book Examples

With one author: Italicize title of book Use a colon between the
main title and the subtitle
Seligman, L. (1999). Selecting effective treatments: A comprehensive, systematic

guide to treating mental disorders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

List all authors Last Name in full, then first

With three to six authors: (and middle) name(s) abbreviated
Publisher’s
Tikling, S. F., Avulsion, D. T., Bonds, B., & Huckabee, T. S. (2008). Unstoppable name

leakages: Every child deserves plumbing. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
If city of
publication is
not well-
Remember to indent Date of publication in
known, add
all lines after the first parentheses, followed by a
state postal
line ½ inch period
Books, Continued
For books with editors, list the editor’(s)
name(s) followed by “Eds.” in parentheses.
Follow with a period.
Editors as authors:

Schmandt, J., & Schmundt, R. (Eds.). (1999). Regional bedwetting styles: Impacts

and response strategies. New York: Oxford University Press.

Book by a corporate author:

National Research Council. (1992). China and the damming of the Three Gorges:
For corporate author, use full name
Opportunities for psychic enuresis. Washington: National Academy.
Two or More Sources by the Same
Author(s):
Firor, J., Aberding, F. T., & Jakins, P. R. (2009). The changing

atmosphere: Enuretic raindrops. New Haven, CT: Yale University

Press.

Firor, J., Aberding, F. T., & Jakins, P. R. (2010). The adipose greenhouse:

Population, climate change, and creating a sustainable water supply.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

List sources by the same author(s) in chronological

order of their publication date.
Periodical Articles
What Should Be Included?

Depends on the type of Author(s).

periodical: Journal, Article title.
Magazine, or Newspaper (Publication date in
parenthesis.).
But they generally require Periodical title (journal,
this information magazine) italicized.
Volume # italicized, (Issue # in
parentheses),
Page numbers of the article.
Digital Object Identifier or URL
preceded by the phrase,
“Retrieved from” (w/o
quotation marks)
 What Should Be Included?
Journal Articles
Author(s). Farley, H. W., Long, H., Close, G.,
& Short, M.
(Date of publication.).
Article title. (2008).
The scientific case for modern
anthropogenic causes for enlarged
prostate due to childhood enuresis
in adult males.

Periodical title (journal, magazine,

newspaper) Italicized.
Monthly Review
Volume #(Issue #),
Page #.
Digital Object Identifier.
60(3),
68-90.
doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.116.
Articles
Journal article with doi:

Farley, H. W., Long, H., & Short, M. (2008). The scientific case for modern anthropogenic causes for
enlarged prostate due to childhood enuresis in adult males. Monthly Review, 60(3), 68-90.
doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.116. Issue # in parentheses

Magazine: Dates: For journals, year; for magazine, month and if applicable,
week; for daily newspaper, date. Note Formats: YYYY, MMM, DD.
Manthorpe, C, Womening, M., Evadam, J., & Biternatura, L. (2009, May). "Feminists look at the scienc

of enuretic doppelgangers. New Scientist 85(3), 29-31. Periodical titles in italics

Newspaper: Volume numbers in italics

Tilgham, S. M. (2009, September 30). Science vs. women--a radical solution. New York Times, pp. F1,

F5. In a newspaper article reference, use “pp.” if more

than one page, “p.” if only a single page.
General Tips
Electronic Resources
Digital Object Identifier (doi): Imperative that you include the
doi if it’s available
e.g., doi:10.3598.23444/k8iei.777 (no period at the end)
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): If the doi is not available,
use the URL (begins with “http:”) preceded by the phrase
“Retrieved from”
e.g., Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com (no period at
the end)
Database: Generally not necessary to identify, unless the
database is archival (e.g., JSTOR, ERIC)
Internet Sources
What Should Be Included?

Woo, C., & Hwang, D.

Author(s), if available:
(Date electronic (2010).
publication was last
updated.). Adjunctive behaviors in enuretic
preschoolers.
Title of the document.
Title of scholarly project, In S. Sue (Ed.), The Stanford
encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2010
ed.).
database, periodical,
or website.
URL address Retrieved from
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behavi
oralism
Websites
Joyce, J., Dedalus, S., Bloom, L., & Bloom, M. (2009). Chiastic structure and its affect

on Mobius strips, Escher prints, and enuretic behaviors of gimpy gertys.

HyperJoyce Studies. Hypermedia Joyce Studies, 10. Retrieved from

http://hjs.ff.cuni.cz/main/essays.php?essay=joyce

Yee, P., & Yee, K. (2008). Climatological impacts on and fractal

patterns of urinal stains. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov

Electronic Articles
Journal:

Laurance, A. R. A. B. (2008). Can carbon-

laundering save bedsheets? Bioscience, 58(4),

286-87. doi:10.2010.1492/cc.3shps Volume #(Issue#),

page numbers

No period
Digital Object Identifier
Electronic Articles, Continued
Date article was published
Newspaper:

Ball, J. N., Chain, A., & Bonds, B. (2008, October 9). “Warmer climates a

determinant in free-flow enuretic behaviors.” Wall Street Journal, pp. A1,

A5.

Source in italics
If only a single page, use “p.”; if continuous pages, use
hyphen, e.g., A1-A5
Electronic versions of print book:

Salty, J. (2009). Bed-time stories for bedwetters: Putting a cork in it [10th ed.]. doi:

10.1036/00713393722 Info re: editions, volume numbers, page numbers go

in brackets followed by a period

Sweet, W. (2010). Kicking the bedwetting habit: What it takes to dry up [Rev. ed.].

Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com

Electronic-only book:

Trojan, S. C. (n.d.). Creating a climate for change: Communicating change and

facilitating social change. Retrieved from http://www.googlebooks.com/itemID=456

Other Sources
Other sources can also be used
and cited
•Technical & research •Audiovisual media
reports
•Data sets, software,
•Meetings & symposia measurement instruments, and
•Doctoral dissertations & apparatus
master’s theses •Internet messages boards,
electronic mailing lists, online
communities
Other Sources
What Should Be Included?
Technical reports:
Browning, R. & Barrett, E. (2006). Romantic auras and enuretic halos (Report No.
1869). Devonshire, England.

National Institute of Mental Health. Task Force on Female Enenurism. (2008).

Report on the sexualization of prepubscent girls diagnosed with enurism.
Retreived from http://www.nimh.gov/taskforceenurism/sexualization

Meetings & symposia, published proceedings:

Hegel, J., Bach, J. S., & Maeterninck, F. (2008, May). Dialectics, atonal harmony,
francophile politics and interdisciplinary enuretics. In Godel, J. (Chair), 109th
Symposium of Enuretics Anonymous. Symposium conducted at the meeting of
Enuretics Anonymous, Thailand.
Other Sources
What Should Be Included?
Cont’d
Doctoral dissertations:
Wannabee, R. J. (1996). Bedwetters and broomsticks: An inquiry into discipline
and enurism (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from University Microfilms. (Accession
No. 192883-96)

Audiovisual Media, video:

Hitchcock, A. (Director). (1957). Rear window on enuretic behavior among adults
[DVD]. Available from Universal Studios.

Internet message boards, electronic mailing lists, and online communities—blog

post:
Jobs, S. (2010, June 6). I-phone 4 and enuretic ring tones [Web log comment].
Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/newproducts/iphone/4/php
 The APA ‘Bible’
If you come across
anything not
mentioned in this
presentation or need
further information,
consult the
Publication Manual
of the APA
in the library!
Subtitle for this slim, but handy guide is
“with an appendix to APA style.”
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (2010.)
6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Trimmer, J. F. A guide to MLA documentation: with an appendix to APA style.

(2013.) 9th ed. Boston:
Wadsworth.
THE END…