Wind Farm Modeling

– Different machine types and connections

– Doubly fed induction machine
– ‘Opti-slip’ controlled induction machine
– Synchronous machine
– PM machine
– Wind turbine and controls
– Aerodynamic model
– Power coefficient
– Pitch control
– Maximum power tracking
– Wind models
– Ramps, gusts, noise
 Introduction
• Origins possibly as far back as
3000 years ago

• Many methods used to capture

maximum energy

• In 1920’s aerodynamics added to

wind blade designs.

• 1940’s – first design of over 1 MW

– 53.5 m Diameter, 35.6m tower,
Synchronous machine

• 1970’s oil crisis gave diverted

more research money towards
wind energy .
 The Trend
16000

14000

12000

10000
MW per year

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
Year
1 2 2000
3 4 - 2010
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
 Integration of wind farms
Wind Generators

230 kV Bus
ws
G

T
RL RRL Tl1

33 kV Bus

#1 #2
RT

#1
#2
Wind Farm

ws
G LV Bus

Wind Generator 3
Loads
Wind Farm

ws
G
ws
G
 Integration of wind farms
• Selection of location
– Load flow study
– Wind availability
• Fault ride through
• Flicker
• Starting and inrush currents
• Power, reactive power control
• Dynamic stability of system.
• Transient studies

– Follow various grid codes.

Site selection and Wind forecast
• Site selection:
– Long term availability
• Measurements (Anemometer)
• Historic data

• Short term forecasting:

• For load scheduling
• Advanced 3D computer simulations to
forecast wind
• Lots of R&D funds
Main components
 Wind Turbine
• Available power 1
Pm  C p . . A.v 3
2

Cp- Tip Speed

0.5 0.5

Cp( W  0)
0.25

Wind_Speed
0  
5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25
Hub_Speed
5  (W) 25
 Wind Turbine
• Control options
– Pitch control
– Speed control
– Stall control
1
Pm  C p . . A.v 3
2
0.3

Wind_Speed
Tip Speed ratio  
0.2
Cp( Wv  10)

Cp( Wv  12) Hub_Speed

Cp( Wv  14)
0.1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
 ( Wv)
 Wind Generators
• Induction machines
– Squirrel cage
– Wound rotor
• Synchronous
machines
• PM Machines
T - S Curve

8 10
4

7.2 10
4

6.4 10
4

5.6 10
4

4.8 10
4

4 10
4
T ( s)
3.2 10
4

2.4 10
4

1.6 10
4

8 10
5

0
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.002
s
 Stall and Pitch control
W

IM
S
#2 #1
Wind Turbine

RRL
MOD 2 Type Gen1
Vw Tm GearBox T

W P

RL
1.0 [uF]
Beta

• In stall control the pitch angle is not changed.

 Wind Turbine Model
Wind speed model
Wind Source Wind Turbine
Mean MOD 2 Type
ES Vw Vw Tm
Tm
Vw
W P

Actual hub speed

of machine
Turbine aero dynamic model
Beta

W N
* N/D

3.0
D
Pole pairs

* A six Pole Machine BETA

2 Pi
60.0 Mechanical speed =
W(pu)*2*pi*f/(pole
paris)

Beta

Wind Turbine
Governor
MOD 2 Type
Pitch control
P
Pg
Pitch Control
Doubly-fed Induction Machine
CTRL

GRID GENERATOR
Converter Converter
& Controls & Controls

Vw ...
SABC GABC

G4

W -3
Wind Park
IM
S
Istator S2TMODE Cp
V 0.28
TL Tm
WindTRQ Vw
Wspd

BUS 8 Wm
W4 + TIME
+ D

Change wind speed fom 12 to 10.5 m/s

Doubly-fed Induction Machine

 - Stator flux

Id
Iq

T  Iq
Q  Id Id and Iq are rotor current components
 Circuit and Modules
CTRL

GRID GENERATOR
Converter Converter
& Controls & Controls

Vw ...
SABC GABC

G4

W -3
Wind Park
IM
S
Istator S2TMODE Cp
V 0.28
TL Tm
WindTRQ Vw
Wspd

BUS 8 Wm
+ D TIME
W4 T1 D1 T1 D1 T1 D1

BRK
+
F

10000.0
Change wind speed fom 12 to 10.5 m/s T1 T3 T5
CR-PWM based
Rotor-side converter
Ecap

1.0
V
Ecapref

T2 D2 T2 D2 T2 D2

T4 T6 T2

Rotor side converter

Erb

Erc
Era

Ira

Irb

Irc
GA GB GC
 Circuit and Modules
Identification of main stator flux by integrating stator voltage
after removal of resistive drop. The washout filter removes any
dc component from the integrated flux without significantly
ffecting the phase
D +
Va -
C
* A 1 phisx
Isa 0.467 sT sT X mag
alfa G r to p
D + Valfa 1 + sT Vsmag phsmag
B 3 to 2 Y
Vb - Transform sT Y phi
C G X
* beta Vbeta 1 1 + sT phis
C
Isa 0.467 D + sT phisy
Vc - Very important signal -
C present location ==> phis
*
Isa 0.467 of rotating stator flux

C
+ in Angle out slpang
- Resolver
rotor_angle D

Estimation of stator flux vector determining the relative difference between

stator flux and rotor position for resolving the
rotor currents
 Circuit and Modules
Generation of current references
slpang

A
D alfa alfa Ira_ref Iraa
Rotor
to Stator 2 to 3 B
Q Transform Irb_ref Irbb
beta beta
D and Q reference currents C
Irc_ref Ircc

Fig. 4: Final step in generation of rotor phase

Estimation of rotor current injections
reference currents
 Circuit and Modules
Current-Reference PWM Controls. Hysteresis band can be adjusted

Ira Irb Irc

C C C
- - -
+ T1 T1 + T3 + T5
E E E
Ira_ref Irb_ref Irc_ref
T4 T6 T2
CPanel ira_ref ira_ref
hysband
10 C C
+ +
hy + -
* E E
-1 nhy 0 hy hy
0.1

CRPWM Bases firing pulse for rotor side converter

 Simulation Results
Control response
(a)
and the verification of performance of the model
13.5

Step change in wind speed

V wind (m/s)

13

12.5

12
11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5
(b)

 Controller response to maintain

Speeds (pu)

ref

out
1.15 Optimum tip speed ratio
11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5
(c)
500 0.3
(MW)

400
Reduced P output
G4

300
P

200 0.2
Cp( Wv  10)
11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5
(d) Cp( Wv  12)
200
Cp( Wv  14)
Constant Q
(MVar)

0.1
150
G4
Q

100
11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5
Time (s) 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
 ( Wv)
 Fault ride through

• Tripping of a wind farm on a transmission

network can lead to severe stability issues and
outages. Thus, there are strict regulations on low
voltage ride through capability of wind
generators.
 Weak voltage dip Strong voltage dip
Main,DGIF_Controls : Graphs Main,DGIF_Controls : Graphs
Vgrms_pu Vgrms_pu
1.100 1.10
KV (kV)

KV (kV)
0.650 0.20
w pu Wref_ w pu Wref_
1.1150 1.160
speed_pu

speed_pu
1.0900 1.090
Pg Pg
400 400
KW

KW
0.0 0.0
Qg Qg_ref Qg Qg_ref
20.0 20.0
KW

KW
-25.0 -40.0
Ecap Ecap
10.0000 10.0000
pu

pu
9.0000 9.0000
Ird Ird
8.0 8.00
KA

KA
1.0 -2.00
Irq Irq
56.0 56.0
KA

KA

38.0 38.0
0.60 3.00 ... ...
0.60 3.00
... ...
... ...
 Other Connection issues

• Start up
– High currents (soft start)

W
0.0
IM Breaker 0.0001 [H]
S
0 A
Motor V
Twind -1 T
* Main : Graphs

Ia
2.5 MVA Machine 3 MVA2.50
network

y (kA)
-2.00

OMEGA
y (pu) 1.40

0.0

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 ...

...
...
 Other Connection issues

• Power quality issues

• Flicker
• Fault ride through
• Rotor over current protection
• Mechanical shaft resonances

This breaker neces s ary if you want to

Tim ed
Breaker pre-charge capacitor to 10kV at s tart-up
Logic
BRK
Clos ed@t0

SPWM based T1 T1 T1 T1 D1 T1 D1 T1 D1

BRK
D1 D1 D1
2000000.0 [uF]

source-side converter CR-PWM based

T1s T3s T5s T1 T3 T5
0.01 [ohm] Rotor-side converter

Ecap
V

Ecapref

D1 T1 D1 T1 D1 T1 T2
D2 T2
D2 T2
D2

T4s T6s T2s T4 T6 T2

I1a

I1b

I1c
V1c
V1a

V1b

Erb

Erc
C
A

Era
#2

4 [kV]

10000.0 [ohm ]
1.0 [MVA]

Irc_con
13.8 [kV]
#1

Idc
C
A

DADEA DBDEB DEC

DC
C
A

Pso
0.001 [ohm]

0.001 [ohm]

0.001 [ohm]

A P V729
Qso

Power
S1
B Q
Ira

Irb

Irc

DED
DD DEDEE DFDEF
C
A

GABC
SABC
 Wind
Wind turbine controls should be able to function
through wind speed fluctuations.
Main : Graphs

• Mean wind speed 14.0

Wind_speed

• Wind gust 12.0

Noise
• Wind ramp 10.0

• Noise 8.0

y
6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 ...
...
...

Main : Graphs Main : Graphs

Wind_speed Wind_speed
11.00 11.00

10.50 10.50

Ramp
10.00
Gust 10.00

9.50
9.50
y
y

9.00
9.00

8.50
8.50

8.00
8.00
0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 ...
0.420 0.440 0.460 0.480 0.500 0.520 0.540 0.560 0.580 0.600 ... ...
... ...
...
 HVDC Transmission

0.5968 [H] 2.5 [ohm] 2.5 [ohm] 0.5968 [H]

Rbus Ibus

Inverter_AC
Rectifier_AC

26.0 [uF]
A A
V V

Rectifier Inverter
 Why Use HVDC
• Crossing large bodies of water – Cable capacitance too much for AC

•Long transmission – no series/shunt compensation necessary

•Stability consideration

•Inter-connection of two different systems (Back to Back schemes)

•Earth return possible

•No skin effect

•Less insulation for towers

•Smaller right-of-way
 Why Use HVDC
• Insulation level approximately 20% for dc (same power /power loss)

Example:

Convert double circuit line to DC (same insulation level)

• Close to 50% more power transmitted.
•Close to 70 % reduction in line losses.
 Why Not Use HVDC
• Reactive power is consumed at both ends

•High cost of converters, transformers

•Costly filters are necessary

•Voltage transformation not possible with DC

•Difficult to tap

•Harmonic issues
 Thyristor Characteristics
Main : Graphs
Ia Ia

Ea

1.00

T1 T
g1
T3 T
g1

y
R=0 E1 0.50

g1 g1
T T
0.00
T4 T2 E1 Ea
200

150

100

50

y -50

-100

-150
Firing angle (alpha) = 30 deg -200

2.0550 2.0600 2.0650 2.0700 2.0750 2.0800 2.0850 2.0900 ...

...
...
 Thyristor Characteristics
Main : Graphs

Ia Ia

Ea

1.00
g1 g1
T T

R=0 E1

y
0.50

g1 g1
T T

0.00

E1 Ea
200

150

Firing angle (alpha) = 90 deg 100

50

Average dc voltage is zero y

0

-50

-100
Half cycle for thyristor to turn OFF
-150

-200

2.0550 2.0600 2.0650 2.0700 2.0750 2.0800 2.0850 2.0900 ...

...
...
 Single Phase Bridge
Main : Graphs

Inverter: Ia

Ia 1.00
Ea

g1 g1
T T

y
0.50
R=0 E1

g1 g1
T T

0.00

E1 Ea
200

150

Firing angle (alpha) = 135 deg 100

50

Average dc voltage is now negative 0

y
-50

Very small time for thyristor to turn OFF -100

-150

-200

2.0550 2.0600 2.0650 2.0700 2.0750 2.0800 2.0850 2.0900 ...

...
...
 Single Phase Bridge
Main : Graphs

Ia Ia

Ea
1.00

IT1

IT2
g1 g1
T T

0.50

y
0.05 E1

1e6
0.00
g1 g1
T T E1 Ea
200
150
100
50
0

y
-50
-100
Effect of AC system reactance -150
-200

IT1 IT2
•Over-lap angle (period) 1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
y

0.20
0.00
-0.20

2.0550 2.0600 2.0650 2.0700 2.0750 2.0800 2.0850 2.0900 ...

...
...
 Effect of transformer reactance
• Xc – Since current through Xc cannot be
‘pushed’ to zero instantaneously, there is
an current overlap period.

• Effective DC voltage is reduced

Three Phase Bridge
Angles Defined in Converter

Iv1 Iv3
α + μ + γ = 180o (2)
γ=β–μ (3)
α μ γ
β  = 180o –  (4)
180o

Note: Overlap angle is a function of dc current Id

2019-07-01 Professional Power System Simulation 36

 Commutation Failure
Commutation is the process of transfer of current Between any two converter
valves with both valves carrying current simultaneously

Failure occurs when there is not enough time (Recovery Period) to remove the
charge prior to having to withstand forward voltage blocking.

– Increase of µ because of increase of ID

– Distortion in AC voltages

2019-07-01 Professional Power System Simulation 37

 DC Side equations

Rectifier

Vd  1.35 * Ell * cos(   3  Xc * Id

Inverter

Vd  1.35 * Ell * cos(   3  Xc * Id

 Basic Controls
• Power control
– Calculate Id by P/V
• Current control
– Rectifier (Adjust α to maintain Id)
• Extinction angle control
– Maintain Vinv with Constant γ

2019-07-01 Professional Power System Simulation 39

Vd - Id

Vd Vd

α = min
γ = min

Id Id

Rectifier Inverter
Vd - Id
α = min

Constant γ =18
Vd
ΔId=.1 Pu

Id
Rectifier and inverter
 Other Control Modes
• If Vrec < Vinv then Constant Gamma
fails. TCC operate and taps Vrec Down
Constant Current CC at Inverter provides for
some power transfer
(Idref – Imargin)
• For a smoother Transition a CEC
Current error control adds Δ γ
from 18 to 24º until you reach CC

2019-07-01 Professional Power System Simulation 42

 Constant Error Control

2019-07-01 Professional Power System Simulation 43

VDCOL (Voltage Dependent Current Order Limit) E8

2019-07-01 Professional Power System Simulation 44

 VDCL
• During AC Faults Commutation Failure
– Overheat / Stress the values
• Valve conducts 100% of time instead of 33%
– Therefore reduce Idref to 0.3 pu
• Faster Recovery

2019-07-01 Professional Power System Simulation 45

 Overall Block Diagram

2019-07-01 Professional Power System Simulation 46

Reactive Power Requirements
• Both rectifier and inverter consumes
reactive power.
– Sources of reactive power
• AC Filters
• Shunt Capacitors
• Synchronous Condensers
• Static Var Compensators (SVC)
• STATCOM
 Harmonics and Filtering
• AC Current Harmonics
– kP+/-1 k=1,2…
– Magnitude 1/k
• DC Harmonics
– kP k=1,2,3

2019-07-01 Professional Power System Simulation 48

 AC system impact
• Short Circuit Ratio
– Short Circuit Level MVA/ DC Power
• ESCR
– Short Circuit Level – (Shunt Caps + AC Filters)
– DC Power
• 2 < Extremely Low ESCR
• 2< Low ESCR < 3
• 3 > High (Strong) SCR
 Effects of System Weakness
1. Decreasing control system stability, sluggish
control performance, slower fault recovery rate

2. Increased capacitive compensation to support system voltage

3. Expensive SVC may need to be applied

4. Resonance concerns.

5. During dc or ac fault, imbalance in reactive power can result in

temporary over-voltages

2019-07-01 Professional Power System Simulation 50