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Obtaining nutrients
Nutrition
Energy
• While the
information is
incomplete, it does
help people make
some important
choices.
Lipids
Many lipids are made up
• Lipids are fats, oils, and of fatty acids and
glycerine.
waxes.
Complex
Glucose and other Broken apart to get energy to
Carbohydrates
simple sugars make ATP.
(i.e. starch)
• Sodium, potassium,
zinc, iron, calcium,
copper, and selenium
are among the minerals
that humans need.
Calcium Bone and tooth formation; muscle Dairy products, leafy greens, dry
and nerve function. beans.
Iron Used to make hemoglobin and Red meats, eggs, nuts, whole grains,
myoglobin. leafy greens.
Zinc Component of certain enzymes, Meats, whole grains, nuts, legumes.
required for growth.
Phosphorous Bone and tooth formation; pH of Dairy products, grains.
body fluids, phospholipids.
Potassium Maintains pH of body fluids; used in Many fruits and vegetables, meats,
action potentials. milk.
Sodium Maintains pH of body fluids; used in Table salt, meats.
action potentials.
Selenium Used by the immune system. Nuts, esp. Brazil nuts; many fruits
and vegetables.
Vitamins
• We do not obtain
energy from vitamins;
however, some
vitamins are necessary
to run energy-related
processes in cells.
Major Vitamins
Vitamins Major roles Natural sources
Vitamin A (fat Used to make visual pigments; Orange and yellow fruits and
soluble maintains epithelial tissues; needed vegetables, egg yolk, dairy
for normal growth. products.
B complex vitamins Used in cellular respiration to Whole grains, legumes, many
(water soluble) metabolize sugars and other carbon fruits and vegetables. B12 comes
compounds. from animal sources.
Vitamin C (water Used in collagen synthesis, possible Fresh fruits and vegetables.
soluble) role in immune function.
Vitamin D (fat Bone growth, calcium absorption, Eggs, dairy products. Sunlight on
soluble) possible role in immune function. skin oils creates Vitamin D.
• Anti-oxidants, such as
Vitamins C and E, and
many plant pigments,
combine with free
radicals and reduce
their effects, which
slows cell aging. No, Skittles don’t count as
“colorful food!”
The monomers of
proteins:
1. Simple sugars
2. Lipids
3. Amino acids
4. Depends on the
protein
Humans obtain energy
from:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Vitamins
3. Minerals
4. Antioxidants
5. All of these
Mom says carrots make you see
better. Any reason why this might be
true?
1. No, but they do
contain antioxidants.
2. Yes. Beta carotenes
in carrots are
converted to Vitamin
A.
3. No, it’s just an old
folk belief.
Which nutrients are “anti-aging”
because they prevent free-radical
damage?
1. Lipids
2. Minerals
3. Antioxidants
4. B-vitamins
Which vitamin can you
overdose on?
1. B vitamins
2. Vitamin C
3. Vitamin A
4. None – you can’t
overdose on
vitamins.
W
O
R
K
• Trick question: what ingredient in
“energy drinks” actually gives you T
energy? O
G
• What would be incorrect about a label E
that said, “calorie-free energy drink”? T
H
E
R
Digestion
Two-way digestion
• Simple animals have a
single digestive pouch
with a single opening.
• Gastrin, a hormone,
stimulates acid release.
1. The mouth
2. The stomach
3. The small intestines
4. The large intestines
Digestion of starches begins in
the:
1. Mouth
2. Stomach
3. Small intestine
4. Large intestine
Why do we have
microvilli?
1. To protect the
intestinal lining.
2. To vastly increase
the intestine’s
surface area.
3. To block acids
coming from the
stomach.
Does a colon need
cleaned?
• Products like these raise
worry in people who
believe their colon is
“dirty.” These are laxatives
that are unnecessary, or
even harmful.