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Here are the main stages in the manufacturing of ophthalmic glass lenses:
1. Melting of Raw Materials - Sand, soda ash, limestone and other additives are melted together in furnaces at high temperatures above 1200°C to form molten glass.
2. Casting - The molten glass is poured into molds to form glass blanks of the required diameter and thickness.
3. Annealing - The glass blanks are slowly cooled to relieve internal stresses from the casting process.
4. Grinding and Polishing - The surfaces of the glass blanks are ground and polished to the required curvature and finished to a high level of smoothness and clarity.
5. Edging - The perimeter
Here are the main stages in the manufacturing of ophthalmic glass lenses:
1. Melting of Raw Materials - Sand, soda ash, limestone and other additives are melted together in furnaces at high temperatures above 1200°C to form molten glass.
2. Casting - The molten glass is poured into molds to form glass blanks of the required diameter and thickness.
3. Annealing - The glass blanks are slowly cooled to relieve internal stresses from the casting process.
4. Grinding and Polishing - The surfaces of the glass blanks are ground and polished to the required curvature and finished to a high level of smoothness and clarity.
5. Edging - The perimeter
Here are the main stages in the manufacturing of ophthalmic glass lenses:
1. Melting of Raw Materials - Sand, soda ash, limestone and other additives are melted together in furnaces at high temperatures above 1200°C to form molten glass.
2. Casting - The molten glass is poured into molds to form glass blanks of the required diameter and thickness.
3. Annealing - The glass blanks are slowly cooled to relieve internal stresses from the casting process.
4. Grinding and Polishing - The surfaces of the glass blanks are ground and polished to the required curvature and finished to a high level of smoothness and clarity.
5. Edging - The perimeter
bounded by two refracting surfaces • Ophthalmic Lenses - includes prism without focal power and any optical appliance worn before the eyes • Subdivided into SPECTACLE LENSES AND CONTACT LENSES Definitions cont...
• Spectacle lenses -lenses that are held in
frame or mount • Contact lenses - lenses that are fitted to the eye itself Functions and Effects
• To correct and relieve refractive errors and
anomalies to binocular vision • To improve sub-normal visual acuity to provide magnification when desired • To protect the eyes from harmful radiations or from injury by agencies such as wind, dust, flying particles, etc. Undesirable effects
• Restrict the field of view
• modify the size and shape of the retinal images • disturb the oculo-motor balance Main Classifications
• Materials: Glass, plastic or others
• Focal properties: spherical or astigmatic • Purpose: single vision, bifocal or multifocal • Form: Flat or curved • Color: Transparent or tinted • Field of view: Full-aperture or lenticular • Edge form: Flat edge, bevel edge, etc.. Historical Review
• Three main factors have contributed to the
evolution of modern ophthalmic lenses in all their bewildering variety and complexity Historical Review cont... • First is an increased understanding of the optical system of the eye, together with its anatomy and physiology • This knowledge provides the basis for the science and art of refraction • The introduction of astigmatic lenses, the use of prisms and the scientific prescribing of tinted lenses are among the developments which have sprung directly from progress in refraction and physiological optics Historical review cont...
• Second, progress in technology and
manufacture in several fields has led to the development of many new types of lenses such as PAL, Multicoated lenses and many various plastics and so on.. Historical review cont...
• Third, the study of lens theory from the
standpoint of geometrical optics has profoundly influence the design of spectacle lenses and has led to the almost complete complete disappearance of the earlier form FIRST MATERIALS FOR LENSES: GLASS Glass
• Non-crystalline amorphous solid that is
often transparent • Oldest types of glass: silicate glasses based on silica, the primary constituent of sand. • First glasses were natural occurring glass (OBSIDIAN) which were used for the production of sharp cutting tools Assignment