BASIC HISTOLOGY

MODERATOR – DR. GANGA S PILLI

PRESENTED BY –
DR. SHUBHAM VARSHNEY
DR. JOVIAL JOSE
 EPITHELIUM
• One or more layers of cells that cover the outer
surface or line the luminal surface of tubular
structures and cavities of the body are called
epithelia.

CHARACTERISTICS
• Very cellular with little intercellular space (20 nm)
• Usually avascular
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
An alveolus of the lung showing a lining of
simple squamous epithelium
A capillary lined by endothelium
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
Thyroid follicle lined by simple
cuboidal epithelium
Duct of salivary gland
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
• In some situations, the cell surface bears cilia.
This is ciliated columnar epithelium

• In other situations the surface is covered with

microvilli.
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Lying over the columnar cells there are

polyhedral or cuboidal cells. As we pass toward
the surface of the epithelium these cells become
progressively more flat, so that the most
superficial cells consist of flattened
squamous cells.
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
- NON-KERATINIZED & KERATINIZED
 Transitional Epithelium

This is a multilayered epithelium and is 4 to 6 cells thick.

It differs from stratified squamous epithelium in that the cells at

the surface are not squamous.

The deepest cells are columnar or cuboidal. The middle layers are
made
up of polyhedral or pear-shaped cells.

The cells of the surface layer are large and often shaped like an
umbrella.
 PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

It is not a true stratified epithelium but appears to be stratified.

The nuclei appear to be arranged in two or more layers giving the impression that the
epithelium is more than one cell thick.

The cells are attached to the basement membrane but are of different
heights, some cells are short and basal, while others are
tall and columnar.
 SKIN
TYPES OF SKIN

1) ‰
Thin or hairy skin: In this type of skin, epidermis is
very thin. Found in all others parts of body except palms and soles.

‰
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands are present in the dermis
‰
2) Thick or glabrous skin: epidermis is very thick with a thick layer of stratum
corneum. Found in palms of hands and soles of feet and has no hair.

1. Keratin
2. Epidermis (stratified
squamous epithelium)
3. Dermis
4. Sweat glands
5. Adipocytes
 STRUCTURE OF SKIN
The skin consists of two layers:

A superficial layer the epidermis, made up of stratified

‰
squamous epithelium.
A deeper layer the dermis, made up of connective
‰
Tissue.
Section through skin showing the
layers of epidermis
 PAROTID GLAND
The parotid gland is a serous
salivary gland.
1) Only serous acini are present
which contain basophilic
zymogen granules and are
darkly stained.
2) Intercalated & striated
(intralobular) ducts are seen.
3) Interlobular duct can be seen.
4) It also contain adipocytes.

1) Interlobular connective tissue septum

2) Serous acini
3) Intralobular duct
a) intercalated duct
b) striated duct
4) Interlobular duct
5) Blood vessel
6) Adipose tissue
 TRACHEA

From within outwards the wall of trachea consists of:

1)‰
‰Mucosa formed by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and the
underlying lamina propria.
2)‰
‰Submucosa made up of loose connective tissue containing mucous glands and serous
glands, blood vessels, and ducts.
3) A “C” shaped plate of hyaline cartilage. Perichondrium has outer fibrous and inner
‰
chondrogenic layers. Chondrocytes increase in size from periphery to center. They may appear
as isogenous groups surrounded by darkly stained territorial matrix.
 Photomicrograph (low magnification)

1. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

epithelium with goblet cells
2. Lamina propria
3. Submucosa
4. Hyaline cartilage
 LUNG
‰1) The lung surface is covered by pleura. It
consists of a lining of mesothelium resting on a
layer of connective tissue.

‰
2 )‰
The lung parenchyma is made up of
numerous thin walled spaces or alveoli.

3) The alveoli give a honey comb appearance

‰
and are lined by flattened squamous cells.
They are filled with air.

4) The intrapulmonary bronchus is lined by

‰
1. Mesothelium resting on connective pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
tissue with few goblet cells.
2. Respiratory bronchiole
3. Alveolar duct 5)The bronchiole is lined by simple columnar
‰
4. Atrium or cuboidal epithelium surrounded by bundles
5. Smooth muscle of smooth muscle cells.
6. Plates of cartilage
7. Glands
A. Alveoli
B. Bronchus bronchiole
STOMACH ( cardia )
At low magnification the cardiac end of stomach
shows all 4 layers seen in the stomach :-

1) mucosa 2) sub mucosa

3) muscularis externa 4) serosa

Important point of cardiac end of stomach are

columnar epithelial lining, absence of goblet cells
& simple tubular nature of cardiac glands.

KEY
1) columnar epithelium
2) stratified squamous lining of lower end of
esophagus
3) gastric pitch
4) cardiac gland in mucosa
5) muscularis mucosa
6) esophageal gland in sub mucosa
7) sub mucosa
8) circular muscle
9) longitudinal muscle
STOMACH (FUNDUS)

• Composing of:-
1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis externa
4) Serosa

Mucosa is lined by simple tall columnar

epithelium. It shows invaginations
called gastric pits that occupy the
superficial ¼ of mucosa.

KEY
1) COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM LINING
2) LAMINA PRPOPRIA
3) MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
4) SUBMUCOSA
5) MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
STOMACH (PYLORUS)
• In the pyloric part the gastric
pits are much deeper than in
the body of stomach.
• Deep to pits there are pyloric
glands that are lined by mucous
secreting cells. These are pale
staining.

KEYS
1) COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL
LINING
2) LAMINA PROPRIA
3) MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
4) SUB MUCOSA
5) MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
6) PYLORIC GLAND
 THE SMALL INTESTINE
• The small intestine is a tube about five meters
long.
• It is divided into three parts.
These are (in craniocaudal sequence) the
duodenum (about 25 cm long); the jejunum
(about 2 meters long); and the ileum (about 3
meters long).
JEJUNUM
• The mucosa shows numerous
finger line projections or villi.
• Each villous has a covering of
columnar epithelium.
• Some goblet cells are also seen.

KEY
1) COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL LINING
WITH GOBLET CELLS
2) LAMINA PROPRIA
3) MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
4) SUBMUCOSA
5) MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
DUODENUM
• The structure of the duodenum
is same as that of jejunum
except that the submucosa is
packed with mucous secreting
glands of brunner

KEY
1) COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL LINING
WITH GOBLET CELLS
2) LAMINA PROPRIA
3) MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
4) SUBMUCOSA with DUODENAL
GLANDS OF BRUNNER
5) MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
ILEUM
• The structure of ileum is same
that of jejunum except for :-

1) The entire thickness of lamina

propria is infiltrated with
lymphocytes amongst which
typical lymphatic follicles can be
seen which may extend into
submucosa & are k/n as peyer’s
patches.

KEY
1) COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL LINING
WITH GOBLET CELLS
2) LAMINA PROPRIA
3) MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
4) SUBMUCOSA
5) MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
P) PEYERS PATCHES
THE LARGE INTESTINE (COLON)
• The most important feature is
absence of villi.
• The mucosa shows numerous
tubular gland or crypts.
• The surface of mucosa & crypts are
lined by columnar cells amongst
which there are numerous goblet
cells.

KEY
1) COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL LINING
WITH GOBLET CELLS
2) LAMINA PROPRIA
3) MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
4) SUBMUCOSA
5) MUSCLE COAT
6) TAENIA COLI
7) LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE
8) CL- CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN
THE VERMIFORM APPENDIX
• The VERMIFORM
appendix is the narrowest
part of the gut & is seen
as tubular structure.
• The innermost layer of
mucosa is lined by simple
columnar epithelium with
goblet cells.
• The crypts are poorly
formed.
• Scattered lymphocytes are
present in lamina propria.
KEY
1) MUCOSA
2) SUBMUCOSA
3) MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
4) SEROSA
LIVER
• IN THE LIVER THERE ARE MANY
HEXAGONAL AREAS CALLED AS HEPATIC
LOBULES.

• THE LOBULES ARE PARTIALLY SEPARATED

BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE.

• IN THE CENTER OF EACH LOBULE THERE

IS A SMALL ROUND SPACE THAT IS A
CENTRAL VEIN.

• HEPATIC LOBULES & PORTAL TRIAD IS THE

IDENTIFICATION TO RECOGNIZE LIVER
TISSUE.
KEY
1) CENTRAL VEIN
2) RADIATING CORDS OF HEPATOCYTES
3) BRANCH OF PORTAL VEIN
4) BRANCH OF HEPATIC ARTERY
5) INTERLOBULAR DUCT
3 , 4 & 5 IS K/N AS PORTAL TRIAD
GALL BLADDER
• The mucous membrane is lined by
tall columnar cells with striated
border.

• The mucosa is highly folded.

• Crypts may be found in lamina
propria.

• Submucosa is absent.

KEY

1) MUCOUS MEMBRANE LINED BY

TALL COLUMNAR CELLS WITH
STRIATED BORDER
2) LAMINA PROPRIA
3) FIBROMUSCULAR COAT
4) SEROSA
5) C- CRYPT IN LAMINA PROPRIA
KIDNEY
• The kidney is covered by a
capsule & deep to the capsule
there is a cortex & medulla.

• In the cortex there are renal

corpuscles.

• In the medulla there are light

staining elongated parallel
running tubules k/n as
collecting ducts & loop of
henle.

KEY
1) RENAL CORPUSCLE
2) PCT
3) DCT
4) CAPSULE
PROSTATE
• The prostate consists of
glandular tissue embedded in
prominent fibromuscular stroma.

• The glandular tissue is in the

form of follicles & are lined by
columnar epithelium.
• The lumen may contain amyloid
bodies.

• The follicles are separated by

fibromuscular tissue.

KEY
1) FOLLICLES LINED BY
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
2) AMYLOID BODIES
3) FIBROMUSCULAR TISSUE
OVARY
• The surface is covered by cuboidal epithelium.

• Deep to the layer is connective tissue that

constitutes the tunica albuginea.

• Just deep to the tunica albuginea many primordial

follicles each of which contains a developing
ovum surrounded by flattened follicular cells.

• The follicle is surrounded by condensation of

connective tissue that forms a capsule for it.

• The capsule contains inner cellular part- theca

interna & outer- theca externa collectively k/n as
theca folliculi.
KEY
1) OVARIAN FOLLICLE
2) ZONA PELLUCIDA
5) ANTRUM FOLLICULI
6) MEMBRANA GRANULOSA
7) CAPSULE OF FOLLICLE
8) STROMA
UTERUS (proliferative phase)
• The wall of uterus consists of a
mucous membrane k/n as
Endometrium & a thick layer of
muscle k/n as Myometrium.

• The Endometrium has a lining of

columnar epithelium that rest on a
stroma of connective tissue.

• Numerous tubular uterine glands dip

into this stroma.
KEY
1) COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
2) CONNECTIVE TISSUE
3) UTERINE GLANDS
4) BLOOD VESSELS
E) ENDOMETRIUM
M) MYOMTRIUM
UTERUS (SECRETORY PHASE)
• In the secretory phase :-
- Thickness of Endometrium is
much increased.
- The uterine glands elongate
become dilated & tortuous.

KEY
1) COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
2) STRATUM COMPACTUM
3) STRATUM SPONGIOSUM
4) STRATUM BASALE
5) ENLARGED UTERINE GLAND
6) BLOOD VESSEL
MAMMARY GLAND
• It consists of lobules of glandular
tissue separated by connective
tissue & fat.

• The glandular elements or aleveoli

are lined by cuboidal epithelium &
have a large lumen so that they
look like ducts.

KEY
1) LOBULE
2) CONNECTIVE TISSUE
3) ALVEOLI
4) DUCT
5) ADIPOSE TISSUE
THYROID GLAND
• The thyroid gland is made up of follicles
lined by cuboidal epithelium.

• Each follicle is filled with a homogenous

pink colloid proteinaceous material
composed of thyroglobulin that has
been produced by follicular epithelial
cells.

• In The intervals b/w the follicles there is

some connective tissue.

KEY
1) FOLLICLES LINED BY CUBOIDAL
EPITHELIUM
2) PINK STAINED COLLOIDAL MATERIAL