MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTP

UT SYSTEMS (MIMO)

By MOHAMMED BERHEA
 1. Introduction
MIMO Systems:
 use multiple inputs and multiple outputs from a singl
e channel
 are defined by Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiple
xing
 Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing

• Spatial Diversity
– Signal copies are transferred from multiple antennas
or received at more than one antenna
– redundancy is provided by employing an array of ante
nnas, with a minimum separation of λ/2 between neig
hbouring antennas

• Spatial Multiplexing
– the system is able to carry more than one data stream
over one frequency, simultaneously
 Why MIMO?
• There is always a need for increase in performance in wi
reless systems
– Significant increase in spectral efficiency and data rat
es
– High Quality of Service (QoS)
– Wide coverage, etc.
• Wireless channel that we are using is very unfriendly
– Suffers from Co–channel interference and signal level
fading
– It provides a limited bandwidth
– power falls off with distance
 MIMO System solutions

• By using Multiple Output Multiple Input (MIMO) systems

– Diversity gain mitigates the fading and increases cove
rage and improves QoS
– Multiplexing gain increases capacity and spectral effic
iency with no additional power or bandwidth expendit
ure
– Array gain results in an increase in average receive S
NR.
• Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing can be conflicti
ng goals
 Spatial Multiplexing
• MIMO channels can be decomposed into a number of R parallel ind
ependent channels → Multiplexing Gain
– Principle: Transmit independent data signals from different antennas to i
ncrease the throughput, capacity.

Source: An Overview of MIMO Systems in Wireless Communications

www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/beats/Documents/mimo.pdf
 MEMO capacity on fading channels

• The capacity increase can be seen by comparing MEMO systems wit

h SISO, SIMO, and MISO systems
– SISO:capacity is given by Shannon’s classical formula:


CB 
log
(1 2
h
snr)
2

Where B is the BW and h is the fading gain

– SIMO (with M transmitting antennas), the capacity is given by [2]
m 2

CBlog
(
1 
snrh)
2 n
n
1
– MISO (with M transmitting antennas), the capacity is given by [2]

 N 2
snr

CBlog
(
1 h)
2 N n n

1
 MEMO capacity on fading channels

• The capacity for MIMO systems can have the following forms (Assumin
g Tx antennas = Rx antennas = N):
A) If the channel is not known at the transmitter:

E  2
C  N log(
1   s h )
2  2 
 N n
– Where Es is the total power, σ2 is noise level of AWGN
– Hence the power is equally shared by each channel
– The capacity grows linearly with the number of antennas
B) If the channel is known at the transmitter

N  E  2 

C log
(
1

n
h )


n
1

2
 
2 n

 MEMO capacity on fading channels

• With the channel known at the transmitter, the total power allocation
the each channel will be based on watterfilling.
– Watterfilling: Strong Sub-channel, with low noise power level will be assi
gned with a higher signal power.

Illustrating Watterfilling

Where σN2 = σ2 / │hn2│

Source: MIMO Systems and Transmit Diversity, www.comm.utoronto.ca/~rsadve/Notes/DiversityTrans

mit.pdf
Average capacity of a MIMO Rayleigh fading
channel []
60

55

50

45

40
Average Capacity [bits/sec/Hz]

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
SNR [dB]

N=1 M=1 N=2 M=1 N=1 M=2 N=2 M=2 N=2 M=4 N=2 M=6 N=4 M=4 N=8 M=8

Source: Space-time Diversity Codes for Fading Channels, [3]

 Spatial Diversity
• Improves the signal quality and achieves a higher SNR at the receiv
er-side
• Principle of diversity relies on the transmission of structured redunda
ncy

xi yi
 MIMO Diversity and Reliability

• The performance improvement in SNR and error probability for MIMO

can be compared with SISO, SIMO, and MISO
• The detailed calculation for SNR and Pe is shown in [1]
– SISO: y 
hx
n
2 1
E hx Pe
) 2 
2
SNR (h SNR h and SNR
E n 1
2
– Receive Diversity (SIMO): yih
x
ini,
i 1,2
, N
1
N
Pe
) 
2
 SNR 
N
SNR
(
h SNR
h and
i 1 
 2 
 MIMO Diversity and Reliability

• The values for SNR and Pe for: M

– Transmit Diversity (MISO): yhjxj n
j1

M 1
Pe
) 
2 and
SNR
(h SNR
h M
j  SNR 
j
1 1 
 2 
– Transmit/Receive Diversity (MIMO): M
• The received signal at antenna i will be: yi hijxj n
i
• H is the channel fading matrix j
1

2 1
SNR
H 2 
Pe

SNR
(
H 
) SNR
H and  SNR
MN
min{
N
,M
} 
12min{ 

 N,M}
 Conclusion

• The capacity of Receive or Transmit Diversity grows logarithmically

with the number of antennas
• Capacity of MEMO increases linearly with the number of antennas
• Using Spatial Diversity:
– The SNR increases and Pe decreases when using MIMO
• Spatial Multiplexing and Spatial Diversity are conflicting objectives
 References

[1] MIMO Architecture for Wireless Communication: Intel Technology Journal, v

ol. 10, Issue 02, May 2006
[2] MIMO Systems and Transmit Diversity,
www.comm.utoronto.ca/~rsadve/Notes/DiversityTransmit.pdf
[3] R.A. Carrasco, Space-time Diversity Codes for fading Channel,
Staffordshire University
[4] D. Gesbert, M.Shafi, D. Shiu, P. Smith, and A. Naguib, “From Theory to Pr
actice: An Overview of MIMO Space–Time Coded Wireless Systems”
IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 21,
NO. 3, APRIL 2003
[5] Introduction to MIMO Systems: Application Note 1MA102, Rohde & schwarz