Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 1

Modeling

Modeling produces a graphical representation of a concept or

process that systems developers can analyze, test and modify.

Business Model, or Requirements Model, describes the

information that a system must provide.

Data Model describes the data structures and design.

Object Model describes objects which combine data and

processes.

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 2
Modeling

Network Model describes the design and protocols of

telecommunication links.

Process Model describes the logic of the programmers

use to write code modules.

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 3
Prototyping

Prototyping tests system concepts and provides an opportunity to

examine input, output, and user interfaces before final decisions
are made.

A prototype is an early working version of an information system.

It can serve as an initial model that is used as a benchmark to
evaluate the finished system.

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 4
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools

Computer-aided systems engineering (CASE), also called

computer-aided software engineering, is a technique that uses
powerful software, called CASE tools, to help systems analysts
develop and maintain information systems.

CASE tools provide an overall framework for systems development

and support a wide variety of design methodologies, including
structured analysis and object-oriented analysis.

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 5
Structured Analysis

Structured Analysis is a traditional systems development

technique that is time-tested and easy to understand. Structured
analysis uses a series of phases, called the systems development
life cycle (SDLC), to plan, analyze, design, implement, and support
an information system.

Process-centered technique focuses on processes that transform

data into useful information.

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 6
Object-Oriented Analysis

Whereas structured analysis treats processed and data as separate

components, object-oriented analysis (O-O) combines data and
the processes that act on the data into things called objects.

An object is a member of a class, which is a collection of similar

objects. Objects posses characteristics called properties, which
the object inherits from its class or possesses on its own.

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 7
Systems Development Life Cycle

Structured analysis uses a concept called the systems

development life cycle (SDLC) to plan and manage the systems
development process.

The SDLC model includes the following steps:

1. Systems Planning
2. Systems Analysis
3. Systems Design
4. Systems Implementation
5. Systems Operation, Support and Security

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 8
Waterfall Model
Systems Request

Phase 1
Systems
Planning

Preliminary
Investigation Phase 2
Report Systems
Analysis
Phase 3
Systems
STOP
System Design Phase 4
Requirements Systems Phase 5
Stop Project
Document Implementation Systems
Development
System Operation and
Design Complete
Support
STOP
Specification Functioning
Information Operation
System Information
Stop Project
STOP System
Development

Stop Project
Development

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 9
Systems Development Life Cycle

Systems planning
– Systems request
– Purpose of this phase is to perform a preliminary
investigation whose key part is a feasibility study

Systems Analysis
– First step is requirements modeling
– End product is the System requirements document

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 10
Systems Development Life Cycle

Systems Design
– Identify all outputs, inputs, and processes
– End product is system design specification

Systems Implementation
– New system is constructed
– Users, managers, IT staff trained to operate and support
the system
– System evaluation performed

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 11
Systems Development Life Cycle

Systems Operation, Support, and Security

– A well-designed system must be secure, reliable,
maintainable, and scalable
– After several years of operation, systems need extensive
changes
– SDLC ends with system replacement

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 12
Systems Development Guidelines

1. Stick to a plan
2. Involve the users throughout the development process
3. Listening is very important
4. Use project management tools to identify tasks and
milestones
5. Remain flexible
6. Develop accurate cost and benefit information

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 13
Information Technology Department

The information technology (IT) department develops and

maintains a company’s information systems. The IT group
provides technical support, which includes six main functions:
application development, systems support and security, user
support, database administration, network administration, and
Web support.

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 14
Application Development

Traditionally, IT departments had an application development

group composed of systems analysts and programmer who
handled information system design, development, and
implementation

Team may include users, managers and IT Staff members.

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 15
Systems Support and Security

Systems support and security provides vital protection and

maintenance services for system hardware and software, including
enterprise computing systems, networks, transaction processing
systems, and corporate IT infrastructure.

User Support

User support provides users with technical information, training,

and productivity support. The user support function usually is
called a help desk or information center (IC).

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 16
Database Administration

Database administration involves database design, management,

security, backup, and user access.

Network Administration

Business operations depend on telecommunication networks that

enable company-wide information systems. Network
administration includes hardware and software maintenance,
support, and security.

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 17
Web Support

Web support is the newest technical support function. Web

support specialists, often called webmasters, support a company's
Internet and intranet operations.

Web support involves design and construction of Web pages,

monitoring traffic, managing hardware and software, and linking
Web-based applications to the company’s existing information
systems.

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 18
System Analyst Position

A systems analyst investigates, analyzes, designs, develops,

installs, evaluates, and maintains a company’s information
systems.

On large projects, the analyst works as a member of an IT

department team. Smaller companies often use consultants to
perform the work.

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 19
Responsibilities

Translate business requirements into practical IT projects to meet

needs

Required Skills and Background

A system analyst needs solid technical knowledge, strong oral and

written communication skills, good analytical ability, and
understanding of business operations and processes.

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 20
Certification

Many hardware and software companies offer certification for IT

professionals. Certification verifies that an individual
demonstrated a certain level of knowledge and skill on a standard
test.

Career Opportunities

Job titles, Company organization, Company size, Corporate

culture, Salary, location, and future growth

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 21
IT is a combination of hardware, software, and
telecommunications systems that support business.

The essential components of an information system are hardware,

software, data, processes, and people

Companies are production oriented, service oriented, or a

combination of the two

Organization structure usually includes levels

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 22
Systems analyst use modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools
Various development methodologies exist.

Regardless of the development model, it is important to use

project management tools necessary to manage people, tasks,
timetables, and expenses.

An IT department develops, maintains and operates a company’s

information systems.

Systems analysts need a combination of technical and business

knowledge, analytical ability, and communication.

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 23
Lisa Jameson has two job offers. One is from Pembroke Boats, a boat
manufacturer that employs 200 people in a small Ohio town.
Pembroke does not have an IT department and wants her to create
one. The job position is called information coordinator, but she
would be the only IT person.

The other offer, which pays about $7,500 more annually, is from
Albermarle Express, a nationwide trucking firm located in Detroit. At
Albermarle Express, Lisa would be a programmer-analyst, with the
promise that if she does well in her position, she eventually will move
into a systems analyst position and work on new systems
development. Lisa has heard a rumor that another company might
acquire Albermarle Express, but the rumor has occurred before and
nothing has ever happened. What should Lisa do, and why?

Prepared by: Engr. Irish N.

Castrojeres, MIT 7/5/2019 24