WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

ASPECTS IN HYDROLICS – IMPORTANCE OF HYDRAULIC

STRUCTURES
 HYDROLOGY
Hydrology is the science of water, of the earth and
atmosphere.
It deals with:
• Occurrence
• Circulation
• Distribution and
• Movements of these waters over the globe
MAJOR ASPECTS OF HYDROLOGY
The main jobs of a
hydrologist are:
• C - Collection of data
• A - Analysis of data
• P - Prediction
MAJOR ASPECTS OF HYDROLOGY
Collection of data
The hydrologic data comprises:
• Rainfall Data
• Snowfall and Snowmelt Data
• (Runoff Data Catchment
and Stream Flows)
• Topographic Maps Satellite, Imageries
• Groundwater Data
MAJOR ASPECTS OF HYDROLOGY
Analysis of data
Analysis of hydrologic data includes:
• Checking the data for
- Consistency and
- Homogeneity
• Finding of various statistical
parameters
MAJOR ASPECTS OF HYDROLOGY
Prediction
Prediction means finding design values and
maximum possible floods and droughts. Various
approaches for prediction of hydrologic values are:
a. Statistical Approach
b. Physical Approach
c. Deterministic Approach
Hydrologic Cycle
Need for the Hydrologic Studies
The need of the hydrologic studies arises mainly
from the following hydrologic problems:
a. Uncertainty of precipitation and its seasonal
occurrence
b. Seasonal flow of rivers
c. Population growth and rising standards of
living, and
d. Environmental impacts of development
projects
Importance of Hydrology in Civil
Engineering
• It has an important role in design and
operation of water resources engineering
projects like
These Civil
– Irrigation Engineering projects
– Flood control may fail due to
– Water supply schemes improper
– Hydropower projects Assessment of
– Navigation Hydrologic Aspect
Importance of Hydrology in Civil
Engineering
• Hydrology is more significant these days because we
plan ahead of time to deal with extremes (scarcity
of water leading to droughts, and overflowing of
water bodies leading to floods). Another significant
area of research is looking into impacts of climate
change in the hydrologic components in an area or
watershed. It is important to study hydrology at any
given point of time, and constantly hydrologists are
working round the globe to provide accurate
models, predictions and impact assessments.
Importance of Hydrology in Civil
Engineering
• Hydraulic structures which are part of very
important civil engineering projects and
cost billions, may fail due to improper
hydrologic design. For example, a dam may
fail due to inadequate spillway capacity.
There may be reservoir operational
problems due to lack of hydrologic data like
probable inflows, evaporation and seepage.
Importance of Hydrology in Civil
Engineering
• There might be failure of a bridge or a culvert if its
maximum design flood is not estimated properly.
Construction of a dam may cause problem for
bridges upstream and downstream if proper
hydrologic studies regarding floods and erosion
downstream are not estimated and taken into
account in design. Groundwater studies are
important for installation of tube wells and
irrigation projects. These are just a few examples
which show the importance of hydrologic studies
for civil engineering projects.
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
A hydraulic structure is a structure submerged or partially submerged
in any body of water, which disrupts the natural flow of water. They
can be used to divert, disrupt or completely stop the flow. A hydraulic
structure can be built in rivers, a sea, or any body of water where there
is a need for a change in the natural flow of water. Example of
hydraulic structures:
1. Canals or drainage (lined and unlined), canal falls (Drops),
regulators, outlets
2. Head-works: Weirs, Barrages
3. Cross drainage works (aqueduct, siphon)
4. Culverts, Bridges and Causeway
5. Dams, spillways, outlet works
6. Stilling basin, energy dissipaters
7. Breakwater, jetties, groins, headlands etc.
IMPORTANCE OF HYDRAULIC
STRUCTURES
• Hydraulic structures are built to make life easier, pleasant
and secure. The building of these structures not been
easy especially when civil engineering was not
modernized. However great achievements have been
made in the sector. Through these structures, people are
now able to leave more comfortable lives.
• Some of the notable importance of this sector include
the availability of a proper drainage system. Through a
good drainage system, people can get away with
different water-borne diseases. Besides, water can be
treated and therefore people consume clean water. With
clean water, people can live healthy lives.
IMPORTANCE OF HYDRAULIC
STRUCTURES
• Water drives the economy and therefore having a good
hydraulic structure can help in the growth of an economy. This
is because even in dry areas people can do farming through
irrigation. You must know that the world runs through farming
activities and therefore with proper irrigation food problem can
be solved.
• Lastly through hydraulic structures electricity can be generated.
Most of the power consumed in the world at the moment is
hydro-electric power meaning that hydraulic structures are
required during the production process. Electricity is very
important, and many sectors cannot run without power.
Therefore through hydraulic structures, the world has been
made a better place to live.
HYDROLOGY HYDRAULICS
• Determination of • Design of spillway to
magnitude of pass the discharge
discharge from a • Storage
reservoir requirement of a
• Required draft during reservoir for water
dry and wet season supply or irrigation
• Effect of rainfall on • Design of channels
magnitude of flow in according to
channels and streams magnitude of flows
• Flood forecasting and • Design of hydraulic
effect of reservoir on structures
downstream flood
flows