SKELETAL SYSTEM - Consist of bones and other

structures that make up the joints of the skeleton

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON
• Provides a framework that supports to the body
- the muscles that are attached to bones move the
skeleton
• Protects some internal organs from mechanical
injury
• Contains & protects the red bone marrow – the
primary hemopoietic tissue
• Provides a storage site for Calcium
OSTEOCYTES – bone cells
Bone matrix – made up of calcium salts & collagen
Calcium carbonate
Calcium phosphate
Calcium salts
2 TYPES OF BONE TISSUE
1. Compact bone – made up of osteons or haversian
systems-microscopic cylinders of bone matrix with
osteocytes in concentric rings around central
haversian canals
2. Spongy bone – look like a sponge with its visible
holes or cavities
- cavities contain red bone marrow – produces red
blood cells, platelets, & the five kinds of white blood
cells
 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
Long bones – bones of the arms, legs, hands & feet
diaphysis – shaft of long bone
- made of compact bone & is hollow, forming a
marrow canal ( contains yellow bone marrow)
within the shaft
epiphyses –ends of long bone
Short bones – bones of wrists & ankles
Flat bones – ribs, shoulder blades, hip bones & cranial bones
Irregular bones – vertebrae & facial bones
Articular cartilage – covers the joint surfaces of bones &
provides a smooth surface
Periosteum – fibrous connective tissue membrane whose
collagen fibers merge with those of tendons & ligaments
- covers the rest of the bones
 EMBRYONIC GROWTH OF BONE
Ossification – production of bone matrix
- in the long bones, it begins in the third month of
gestation
Osteoblasts – cells that produces the bone matrix
- production is in the center of the diaphyses of long
bones & in the center of short, flat, irregular bones
Fontanels – fibrous connective tissue between the bones of
the skull of a baby
Epiphyseal discs – junction of diaphysis with each epiphysis
- growth of long bones occurs
 EMBRYONIC GROWTH OF BONE
Epihysis side – bone grows in length as more cartilage is
produced
Diaphysis side – osteoblasts produce bone matrix to
replace cartilage
- between age 16 & 25 bone lengthening stops – closure
of epihyseal discs
Osteoclasts – specialized cells that dissolve & reabsorb the
minerals of bone matrix – resorption
- in embryonic long bones, they reabsorb bone matrix in
the center of the diaphysis to form the marrow canal
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT BONE GROWTH &
MAINTENANCE
Heredity Nutrition
Hormones Exercise
SKELETON
2 DIVISIONS
AXIAL – forms the axis of the body
- consist of skull, vertebral column, & rib cage

APPENDICULAR – supports the appendages or limbs

- bones of the arms & legs, shoulder & pelvic girdles
SKULL OF THE NEWBORN
Ligaments – strong cord or sheets of fibrous connective tissue
- connect bones to other bones across joints
- keep bones in the proper positions to keep us
upright & to bear weight
Terminologies of Bone Markings
Condyle – a rounded projection Crest – a ridge or edge
Facet – a flat projection Fossa – a depression
Foramen – a hole or opening
Meatus – a tunnel-like cavity
Process – a projection
Plate – a flat projection
Sockets – conical depressions
Tubercle – a round projection
S
K
E
L
E
T
O
N
S
K
U
L
L
S
K
U
L
L
 SKULL
- Consist of 8 cranial bones & 14 facial bones
- Includes also the 3 small bones in the middle ear cavity
& the hyoid bone – supports the tongue

Cranial bones – forms the brain case that encloses &

protects the brain, eyes & ears

Frontal (1)– forms the forehead & the anterior part of

the skull
Parietal (2) – form the posterior part top & much of the
side walls of the skull
CRANIAL BONES
Temporal (2) – on the side of the skull; contains an
external auditory meatus, middle ear cavity & an
inner ear labyrinth

Occipital bone (1) – forms the lower, posterior part of

the braincase
- has foramen magnum – large opening for the
spinal cord & 2 condyles which articulate with atlas

Sphenoid – shape like a bat; has a depression called the

sella turcica- encloses the pituitary gland
CRANIAL BONES
Ethmoid – has a vertical projection-crista galli (rooster’s
comb) that anchors the cranial meninges
- the rest forms the roof & upper walls of nasal
cavities & nasal septum

Sutures – immovable joints between cranial bones

coronal – frontal & parietal
squamosal – temporal & parietal
lambdoidal – occipital & parietal
longitudinal – two parietals
Facial bones
Mandible – (lower jaw) the only movable facial bone
Body – U-shaped portion with lower teeth
Condyles – oval projections that articulate with
temporal bones
Sockets – hold roots of lower teeth
Maxilla – 2 upper jaw bones; form the anterior portion
of the hard palate
Maxillary sinus – air cavity that opens into nasal
cavity
Palatine process
Sockets
FACIAL BONES
Nasal bones (2)– form the bridge of the nose; articulate
with the frontal bone
Lacrimal bones (2) – medial side of each orbit
Lacrimal canal
Zygomatic bones (2)– forms the point of cheek;
articulates with frontal, temporal & maxillae
Palatine bones (2) – posterior portion of the hard palate
Vomer – forms the lower part of the nasal septum;
articulates with the ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal conchae (2) – scroll-like bones that curl
downward from the sides of nasal cavities
- help increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa
Paranasal sinuses – air cavities located in the maxillae,
frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid bones
- makes the skull lighter in weight
- provides resonance for the voice

Auditory bones- malleus, incus, & stapes

 VERTEBRAL COLUMN
- Spinal column or backbone
- Made of individual bones called vertebrae
Cervical – 7; neck
atlas – first
axis - second
Thoracic – 12; articulate with the ribs on the
posterior side of the trunk
Lumbar – 5; largest & strongest bones of the spine
Sacral – 5 – fused into 1; permits articulation of the
two hip bones
Coccyx – 4- 5 fused into 1; remnant of tail vertebrae
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Vertebral canal – continuous tunnel within the bones that
contains the spinal cord & protects it from mechanical
injury
Spinous & transverse processes – projections for the
attachment of the muscles that bend the vertebral
column
Facets – for articulation with other bones
Body – supporting part; separated by discs of fibrous
cartilage – intervertebral discs
VERTEBRAL COLUMN

4 Natural Curves
Cervical curve – forward
Thoracic curve – backward
Lumbar curve – forward
Sacral curve - backward
Abnormalities of the Curves of the Spine
Scoliosis – an abnormal lateral curvature
- usually thoracic cavity is affected
Kyphosis – an exaggerated thoracic curvature;
sometimes called “hunchback’
Lordosis – an exaggerated lumbar curvature; sometimes
called “swayback”
Herniated Disc –
caused by extreme
pressure on a disc
that may rupture the
outer layer & force
the nucleus pulposus
(soft center) out,
- Often affect the
lumbar region
 RIB CAGE
- Consists of the 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum or breastbone

3 Parts of the STERNUM

Manubrium – upper
Body – central
Xiphoid process – lower
True Ribs – first seven pairs of ribs
- articulate directly with the manubrium & body of
the sternum by means of costal cartilages

False Ribs – next 3 pairs; their cartilages join the 7th rib
cartilage
Floating ribs – do not articulate with the sternum at all

- encloses & protects the heart & lungs

- pulled upward & outward by the external
intercostal muscles
 APPENDICULAR SKELETON
THE SHOULDER & ARM
Scapula – large & flat bone with several projections
Acromion process: articulates with clavicle
Spine/ coracoid process – long, posterior process for
muscle attachment
Glenoid fossa – depression that articulates with
humerus thru a ball-&-socket joint

Clavicle:
Acromial end – articulates with scapula
Sternal end – articulates with manubrium of
sternum
THE SHOULDER & ARM
Humerus: long bone of the upper arm
Head – round process that articulates with scapula
via a ball-&-socket joint
Deltoid tubercle – round process for the deltoid
muscle
Olecranon fossa – posterior, oval depression for the
olecranon projection of the ulna
Capitulum – round process superior to the radius
Trochlea – concave surface that articulates with
ulna via a hinge joint
THE SHOULDER & ARM
Radius:
Head – articulates with the ulna

Ulna:
Olecranon process – fits into olecranon fossa of the
humerus
Semilunar notch – “half moon” depression that
articulates with the trochlea of humerus
THE SHOULDER & ARM
Carpals: 8 small bones in the wrist; gliding joints
between them
Proximal row: Scaphoid Lunate
Triquetrum Pisifrom

Distal row: Trapezium Trapezoid

Capitate Hamate
Metacarpals – 5 bones of the palm of the hand
thumb – more movable because of the saddle
joint
THE SHOULDER & ARM
Phalanges: bones of the finger
thumb - two phalanges
fingers – three phalanges
hinge joint – between phalanges
T
H
E
&
S
H A
O R
U M
L
D
E
R
THE HIP AND LEG
HIP : Pelvic: (2 hip bones); articulates with the sacrum
3 major parts
Ilium – flared, upper portion
Ischium – lower, posterior portion
Pubis – anterior, medial portion; pubic symphysis

Iliac crest – upper edge of ilium

Posterior superior iliac spine – post., continuation of
iliac crest
Acetabulum – deep depression that articulates with
femur
MALE PELVIS
FEMALE PELVIS
MALE PELVIS FEMALE PELVIS
THE HIP AND LEG
Femur: long bone of the thigh
Head – round process that articulate with hip bone
Neck – constricted portion distal to head
Greater trochanter – large lateral process for muscle
attachment
Lesser trochanter – medial process for muscle
attachment
Condyles – rounded process that articulate with
tibia
THE HIP AND LEG
Tibia: weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
Condyles – articulate with the femur
Tibial tuberosity – rounded process for the patellar
attachment
Anterior crest – vertical ridge
Medial malleolus – distal process; medial “ankle
bone”

Fibula: leg muscle are attached & anchored & it helps

stabilize the ankle
THE HIP AND LEG
Fibula: leg muscle are attached & anchored & it helps
stabilize the ankle
Head – articulates with tibia
Lateral malleolus – distal process; lateral “ankle
bone”

Tarsals: 7 bones in the ankle

Calcaneus – largest; heel bone
Talus – transmit weight between calcaneus & tibia
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiform: 1st , 2nd , 3rd
THE HIP AND LEG
Metatarsals: 5 long bones of each foot

Phalanges: bones of the toes

big toe – 2 phalanges
other toes – 3 phalanges
- form hinge joint with each other

2 Major Arches of the Foot

Longitudinal walking upright
Transverse provide spring or bounce in our steps
THE HIP AND LEG
Fibula: leg muscle are attached & anchored & it helps
stabilize the ankle
Head – articulates with tibia
Lateral malleolus – distal process; lateral “ankle
bone”

Tarsals: 7 bones in the ankle

Calcaneus – largest; heel bone
Talus – transmit weight between calcaneus & tibia
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiform: 1st , 2nd , 3rd
L
E
G
L
E
G
F
O
O
T
 JOINT - ARTICULATION
- where two bones meet or articulate
TYPES
Synarthrosis : immovable
Suture – fibrous connective tissue between bone surfaces
bet cranial bones; bet facial bones
Amphiarthrosis : slightly movable
Symphysis – disc of fibrous cartilage between bones
bet vertebrae; pubic bones
Diarthrosis : freely movable
Ball-&-socket – movement in all planes
scapula & humerus, pelvic bone & femur
 JOINT - ARTICULATION
Hinge – movement in one plane
humerus & ulna; femur & tibia; bet phalanges
Condyloid – movement in one plane with some lateral
movement
temporal bone & mandible
Pivot – rotation
atlas & axis; radius & ulna
Gliding – side-to-side movement
between carpals
Saddle – movement in several planes
carpometacarpal of thumb
SYNOVIAL JOINT
- all diarthrosis are synovial joints
- have bursae – small sacs of synovial fluid between the joint &
the tendons that cross over the joint
- this permits the joint to slide easily as the bones are
moved
FRACTURES - bone has been broken
Simple (closed): broken parts are still in normal anatomic
position; surrounding tissue damage is minimal
Compound (open): broken end of the bone has been moved &
it pierces the skin
Greenstick: bone splits longitudinally
Comminuted : two or more intersecting breaks create several
bone fragments
Impacted: broken ends of a bone are forced into one another &
many bone fragments may be created
Pathologic (spontaneous): bone breaks without apparent
trauma; may accompany bone disorders like osteoporosis
Types of Joints
Synovial Joint
F
R
A
C
T
U
R
E