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can generally be classified

into two broad groups: molecular compounds and


ionic compounds
• Molecular compounds -involve atoms joined
by covalent bonds and can be represented by a
variety of formulas
• Ionic compounds- are composed of ions joined
by ionic bonding, and their formulas are generally
written using oxidation states.
OTHER TYPES OF FORMULAS ARE USED TO DISPLAY
MORE DETAILED CHARACTERISTICS OF MOLECULES.
An empirical formula represents the proportions
of atoms in a molecule. It gives important
information about a molecule, because it displays
the ratios of atoms that are present within the
molecule.
The molecular formula is a multiple of the ratios
of atoms indicated in the empirical formula. Since
empirical formulas can be derived from molecular
formulas, molecular formulas are generally more
useful than empirical formulas.
EMPIRICAL
VS.
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
• C H O is a possible empirical formula, because a ratio of 5:7:1
cannot be simplified any further. In this particular case, the
empirical formula could also be the molecular formula, if
there are exactly 5 carbon atoms, 7 hydrogen atoms, and 1
oxygen atom per molecule
• However, another possible molecular formula for this same
molecule is C H O , because while there are 10 carbon atoms,
14 hydrogen atoms, and 2 oxygen atoms present, the ratio
10:14:2 can be simplified to 5:7:1, giving way to the same
empirical formula.
• Structural formula
• is written to denote the details of individual atoms’ bonding.
More specifically, it clarifies what types of bonds exist,
between which atoms these bonds exist, and the order of the
atoms’ bonding within the molecule. Covalent bonds are
denoted by lines. A single line represents a single bond, two
lines represent a double bond, three lines represent a triple
bond, and onwards. A single covalent bond occurs when two
electrons are shared between atoms, a double occurs when
four electrons are shared between two atoms, etc. In this
sense, the higher the number of bonds, the stronger the bond
between the two atoms.
O
C

H3C OH
• A condensed structural formula is a less
graphical way of representing the same
characteristics displayed by a structural
formula. In this type of formula, the molecule
is written as a molecular formula with the
exception that it indicates where the bonding
occurs
• IONIC COMPOUNDS
• Ionic compounds are composed of positive and negative
ions that are joined by ionic bonds. Ionic bonds are
generally formed when electrons are transferred from one
atom to another, causing individual atoms to become
charged particles, or ions. Ions can be referred to as either
monatomic or polyatomic. Monatomic ions such as Cl are
composed of only one ion, while polyatomic ions such as
NO are defined as polyatomic ions. A combination of these
ions that forms a compound whose charge is equal to zero
is known as a formula unit of an ionic compound. Ionic
compounds generally tend to form crystallized salts. They
generally have high boiling/melting points, and are good
conductors of electricity. The formulas of ionic compounds
are always written with the cation first, followed by the
anion. The formula can then be completed with reference
to the oxidation states of the elements present
Chemical Formula
A molecular formula is a representation of a
molecule that uses chemical symbols to indicate the
types of atoms followed by subscripts to show the
number of atoms of each type in the molecule. (A
subscript is used only when more than one atom of a
given type is present.) Molecular formulas are also
used as abbreviations for the names of compounds
The structural formula for a compound gives the
same information as its molecular formula (the types
and numbers of atoms in the molecule) but also shows
how the atoms are connected in the molecule. The
structural formula for methane contains symbols for
one C atom and four H atoms, indicating the number
of atoms in the molecule
It is important to note that a subscript following a
symbol and a number in front of a symbol do not
represent the same thing

H 2H H2 2H2

One Each Atom


Two H Atom One H2 Molecule Two H2 Molecule
Naming Compound
• Key Points
• Most cations and anions can combine to form neutral compounds
(typically solids under normal conditions) that are usually referred
to as salts.
• The net charge of an ionic compound must be zero. Therefore, the
number of cations and anions in an ionic compound must be
balanced to make an electrically neutral molecule.
• When naming ionic compounds, the cation retains the same name
as the element. The anion’s name is similar to the elemental name,
but the ending of the name has been removed and replaced with “-
ide.”
• If a metallic element has cations of different charges, which cation
is used has to be indicated by its suffix (an older method) or by
Roman numerals in parentheses after its name in writing (the Stock
system ).
• An Ionic compound is named first by its cation
and then by its anion. The cation has the same
name as its element. For example, K+1 is
called the potassium ion, just as K is called the
potassium atom. The anion is named by taking
the elemental name, removing the ending, and
adding “-ide.” For example, F-1 is called fluoride,
for the elemental name, fluorine. The “-ine” was
removed and replaced with “-ide.” To name a
compound, the cation name and the anion
named are added together. For example, NaF is
also known as sodium fluoride.
The Old, Classic, or Common Way of Naming
Rules for Naming Molecular
Compounds
Remove the ending of the second element, and add “ide” just like in
ionic compounds.
• When naming molecular compounds prefixes are used to dictate the
number of a given element present in the compound. ” mono-”
indicates one, “di-” indicates two, “tri-” is three, “tetra-” is four,
“penta-” is five, and “hexa-” is six, “hepta-” is seven, “octo-” is eight,
“nona-” is nine, and “deca” is ten.
• If there is only one of the first element, you can drop the prefix. For
example, CO is carbon monoxide, not monocarbon monoxide.
• If there are two vowels in a row that sound the same once the prefix
is added (they “conflict”), the extra vowel on the end of the prefix is
removed. For example, one oxygen would be monooxide, but instead
it’s monoxide. The extra o is dropped.
Thank You God
Bless
• Rudy Liza Cadiong
• Divina Sarceda

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