Para-707

Alia Batool
2012-ag-2602
 Helminthes

Platyhelminthes Nemathelminthes

Trematoda Cestoda Nematoda

 Locomotion by muscular contraction & relaxation
 Digestive system complete, rudimentary /absent
 Nervous & excretory system primitive
 Reproductive system very well developed
 Self-fertilization & cross-fertilization
 Life cycle direct and relatively simple
 Helminth population determined by host-parasite relationship
 Worms
 bilateral symmetry, head and tail
 Tissue differentiation into
 ectoderm,
 mesoderm
 endoderm
 > 20,000 species collectively
 Aceoelomates
 Cilia, but not cuticle
 Prefer living around moist environments
 Common opening, both for mouth and anus
 Digestive system incomplete
 Well developed sensory system
 Pseudo-coelomates
 Cylindrical, tapered at both ends
 A rigid outer covering: cuticle
 Complete digestive tract
 Two major nerve centers:
 The Circumesophageal commissure, or nerve ring
 The rectal commissure (ventral or dorsal nerve-cord)
 Biohelminthes
 Geohelminthes
 Contact helminthes
Platyhelminthes
 Trematoda
(a) Genus Fasciola e.g. F. hepatica
(b) Genus Schistosoma e.g. S. hematobium
 Cestoda
(a) Genus Taenia e.g. T. saginata
(b) Genus Echinococcus e.g. E. granulosus
(c) Genus Hymenolepis e.g. H. nana
(d) Genus Diphyllobothrium e.g. D. latum
Nemathelminthes
 Nematoda
a) Intestinal Nematodes
 e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides
a) Somatic Nematodes
 e.g. Wuchereria bancrofti
Schistosomiasis (snail fever)
o Schistosoma japonicum (intestinal)
o Scistosoma mansoni (intestinal)
o Schistosoma hematobium (UTI)
 Within few days after infection Itchy skin
 1-2months of infection inflammaton, Scarring
 Eggs in spinal cord/brain convulsions, paralysis
 Treatment Prazyquantal , Metrifonate, Oxamniquine
Fasciola hepatica
 Found in sheep grazing on wet pasture
 Penetrates GIT wall of IH (snail)
 Mature & form Cercariae
 Shed to environment & encyst
 Metacercaria formed, infect human on ingestion
 Severe damage to bile duct & hepatic tissue
 Treatment Triclabendazole
Diphyllobothrium latum
 Transmission  drinking of larvae in fresh water fish
 Cause vitamin B12 deficiency leading to aneima
 Treatment  Prazyquantel
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
Ingestion of undercooked/raw pork meat
Causes Cystisercosis and neurocysticercosis
Mass lesions in brain (swiss cheese appearance)
Treatment  Prazyquantal
Ascaris lumbricoides
(Ascariasis)
Visible in feces
Causes intestinal infection
 Abdominal pain & swelling, shortness of breath,
diarrhea, fever in the beginning
Treatment  Pyrantel pamoate, Albendazole,
Mebendazole
Enterobius vermicularis
(human pinworm)
 From food contaminated with eggs
 Causes intestinal infection & anal pruritis
 Treatment  pyrantel pamoate
 Soil-transmitted helminthes (Ascaris, Hookworms)
 Arthropod-transmitted helminthes (Filaria, Dracunculus)
 Food and animal-transmitted helminthes (Taenia)
 Snail-transmitted helminthes (Fasciola, Schistosoma)
 Direct or contagious-transmitted helminthes (Enterobius,
Hymenolepis)
1.Contaminated soil (Geo-helminthes)
2. Blood sucking insects (filarial worms)
3. Food (Taenia saginata in raw meat)
4. Water-snail (cercariae of blood flukes)
5. Person to person (Enterobius vermicularis)

 Enter body via different routes:

mouth, skin & respiratory tract
Direct damage
 Blockage (helminth size, migration, granuloma)
 Anemia
 Tissue necrosis
Indirect damage
 Host response
 Inflammation
 Hypersensitivity
 Qualitative and Quantitative
o Sample
Stool, blood, tissue biopsy, duodenal aspiration,
sputum, urine
o Diagnostic stage
Adult, Proglottid or segment, Eggs ,Larvae (cysticercus,
filariform and microfilariae)
Naked eye, microscopy
 Others:
Stool culture
Concentration techniques
Scotch tape
histopathological findings
Primary prevention
 Snail control (eradication of IH)
 Improving the quality of WASH
 Avoid eating raw/undercooked meat
 Reveal & treat sick humans
 Health education
Secondary prevention
 Early diagnosis
 Prompt treatment
 Broad spectrum Benzimidazole
(albendazole, mebendazole)
 Macrocyclic Lactones (ivermectin)
 Praziquantel
 Oxamniquine