Evocation

Eye & vision, Light & Lighting

 A human eye resembles a camera in structure and function.
 • Important parts of a human eye
 •Factors governing illumination quality :
 • Apart from illumination, visibility is talked in terms of :
 visual acuity, • visual efficacy , • visual speed , • visual health
 •illuminance Vs
 Visual Activity
 Contrast Senstivity
 Nervous Muscular Tension
 Frequency of Blinking
 Convergence rate
Iris – a diaphragm that regulates amount of light by expanding contracting also
know as (Pupil),
lens - focuses under the control of ciliary muscles forms image on to the retina.
The lens is crystalline in nature
retina -a lot of - optic nerves – that communicate with the brain.
Rods are responsible for Dim light / Night vision
Cones are mainly concentrated around or responsible for form/color sensitivity.
cone cells -discrimination of fine details for critical observation. They are
densely packed and transmits sharp images. The cone cells have low
sensitivity below 0.01 ft lamberts and cease to function < 0.001 ft lamberts.
Rods takes over when brightness < 0.01 ft lambert
•for near vision eyes easily focus for blue and tires to focus for red.
for far vision eye easily focus for Red and strains to focus blue.
Good lighting
• Prevention of defective vision
• Optimization of resources
• Improving conditions of visibility

• Visibility depends on – (Observer Issues)

• size / details of object
• level / quality of illumination
• contrast / color
• available time

• Visibility depends on – (Observer Issues)

• efficacy of individual
• one’s eye defects
• optical / physical fatigue
• distraction
Causes of fatigue –
• rotating source
• focusing on the source of glare
• reading double impression

• Visibility reduces due to eye defects and fatigue

• Eye defects caused due to –
• Aging
• Use
• Abuse

• Good illumination looks for producing clear and quick

images
Recap 1
 A human eye resembles a camera in structure and function.
 • Important parts of a human eye
 •Factors governing illumination quality :
 • Apart from illumination, visibility is talked in terms of :
 visual acuity, • visual efficacy , • visual speed , • visual health
Illumination
 Illumination amount of light that covers a surface.
Illumination affects physiology as well as psychology,
hence quality lighting is important
 • Factors governing illumination quality :
 • glare
 • diffusion
 • direction / focus
 • composition
 • distribution
 Minimum lighting required for good visibility is 100 ft-
cd or more
 • For good visibility, brightness of surrounding should
be greater than 0.01 ft-L & also should be less than that
of test object.
 Acuity is the ability to distinguish details depending
upon:
 • brightness of the object
 • characteristics of light entering the eye
 • contrast maintained
 Factors responsible for visual acuity are
 Nervous muscular tension,
 Fatigue of ocular muscles,
 Normalcy of heart rate,
 Normal rate of reading,
 maximal rate of reading, Precision of tasks,
Performance in demonstration visual test.
 Visual acuity is reduced in defective vision. Mainly
depends on experience in day light.
Visual Activity Vs Illumination

Contrast Senstivity Vs Illumination

 Nervous Muscular Tension Vs Illumination

 reduce the muscular tension in the nerve system

higher levels of illumination are required.
Frequency of Blinking Vs Illumination

increased illumination levels frequency of blinking is reduced

Convergence rate Vs Illumination
illumination levels for different
Activities
 Recap 2

 •illuminance Vs
 Visual Activity
 Contrast Senstivity
 Nervous Muscular Tension
 Frequency of Blinking
 Convergence rate
Puzzles
MIND MAP
Summary
 A human eye resembles a camera in structure and function.
 • Important parts of a human eye
 •Factors governing illumination quality :
 • Apart from illumination, visibility is talked in terms of :
 visual acuity, • visual efficacy , • visual speed , • visual health
 •illuminance Vs
 Visual Activity
 Contrast Senstivity
 Nervous Muscular Tension
 Frequency of Blinking
 Convergence rate
Assessment
 Factors governing illumination quality
 visual acuity
 visual efficacy
 visual speed
 Glare
1.visibility
 glare
 diffusion
 direction / focus
 acuity