Nephelometer onboard GALILEO

“Instrument & Results”

by
Payal Kanwar Shekhawat
Supervisor: Sanjeev Kumar Mishra
 Outline
• Objective of the project
• Why Nephelometer ?
• What is Nephelometer ?
• Galileo Probe Nephelometer Instrument
• Nephelometer Onboard Galileo
• Instrument Characteristics
• Data analysis for Nephelometer
 Objective of the Project
 To study and understand the working of nephelometer instrument and derive the
microphysical properties of planetary medium (atmosphere) using it.
 Nephelometer: Principle of working
Based on the principle of scattering
If λ<n No scattering
If λ>n Rayleigh scattering
If λ≅n → Mie scattering

𝐼 = 𝐼0 (1+cos2Ɵ)/2R2 (2Π/ƛ)4 (n2-1/n2+2)2 (d/2)6

Mention the name of each

parameter. eg. n is refractive
index
 GALILEO PROBE NEPHELOMETER INSTRUMENT

Fig. : The forward scatter unit shown with its mirror arm assembly in the deployed position ,is directly mounted on the
back scatter unit . The cylindrical electronics unit is 18.8 cm in diameter & 16.5cm high.
parameters 5⁰ 16⁰ 40⁰ 70⁰ 178⁰

Scatter channel sensitivity

(m-1 sr-1 count-1 ) 9.3 ×10-7 5.1×10-7 1.3×10-7 1.5×10-7 1.1×10-8

Mean scattering angle

(degrees) 5.82 16.01 40.01 70.00 178.1

Angular resolution ,FWHM,

degrees 0.64 1.08 1.72 1.76 4.0

Effective sampling volume

1.25 0.63 0.65 0.40 16.4
Results and Discussion
Temperature recorded by the forward scatter channel source and backward scatter channel source temperature
sensors & electronics unit internal temperature ,all as a function atmospheric pressure during to probe descent.
At about 6 bars the source temperature displaced by about 20⁰C
Fig1: Forward scatter source ,backward scatter source ,& Fig2: Contamination and alignment channel readings
contamination source monitor readings versus versus pressure during probe descent.
atmospheric pressure during probe descent.
Reduction of raw data to physical quantities

Fig : Plots of recorded raw scatter channel reading as a function of ambient atmospheric
pressure during the probe descent.
FIG : Expended plots of recorded raw scatter channel readings as a function of ambient atmospheric pressure during the
probe descent at a pressure range of (a) 0.42-0.58 bar, (b) 0.7-1.8 bar.
(c) 1.0-1.9 bars (d) 1.8-4.5 bars
Thank you!
Backup
 Source : solid
Detector : solid
state laser light
source
sample state detector light

Raw data
 What is Nephelometer?
• A Nephelometer provides a real time , direct measurement of
the light scattered by dust pollution in the air
• The principle pf nephelometer is based on the scattering or
absorption of light by solid or colloidal particles suspended in
solution
• The Instrument measures the light scattering properties of the
particulates cloud & hazes at scattering angle of
5.8⁰,16⁰,40⁰,70⁰&178⁰.
• Source : pulsed solid state laser light source
• Detector : solid state scattered light detectors (photodiode)
 NEPHELOMETER ONBOARD GALILEO
• Altitude : The probe will enter the Jovian atmosphere at altitude of 6.5N
• Latitude : Galileo probe entered the atmosphere of Jupiter at a latitude of
about +5.9⁰
• Pressure : Troposphere of Jupiter pressure is less than 5 bars (probe
descent -0.46 to 12 bars)
• Pressure range : 200 to 700 mb (layer observed at visible wavelength of
cloud)
• Distance : it will obtained at a minimum every km for at least 100km or
more during the course of probe descent
• Dynamic range for all channels : 106
• Mean source wavelength : 904 nm (for both forward & backscatter source)