INTRODUCTION TO STEEL

STRUCTURE
- Shemal V. Dave,
Assistant Professor,
Civil Engineering Department,
MEFGI - Rajkot
What are steel structure ?

 A steel structure is an assemblage of a group of members (elements)

expected to sustain their share of applied force and transfer them safely
to the ground.
 Depending on the orientation of the member in structure and its
structural use, the member is subjected to forces either axial, bending or
torsion, or a combination thereof.
 Axial load can be either tensile or compressive, and accordingly the
members are called tension member or compression member.
Common Steel Structure

• Roof truss in factories, cinema halls, railways etc.,

• Crane girders, columns, beams.
• Plate girders, bridges.
• Transmission towers, water tank, chimney etc.,
Old Arch Bridge
Framed Building
Framed Building
Industrial Shed
Industrial Shed
Crane Girder
Crane Girder
Plate Girder
Plate Girder
Transmission Tower
Water Tank
Chimney
Truss Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Cable Stayed Bridge
Advantages and Disadvantages of steel structure (GTU – 3 Times)

 Advantages

• Steel has high strength/Weight ratio, thus Dead weight of steel structure is relatively small.
• It can undergo large plastic deformation before failure, thus providing large reserve
strength.
• Properties of steel can be predicted with high degree of certainty.
• Steel structure can be erected quite rapidly
• Steel is highly suitable for pre fabrication and mass production
• Steel can be reused after structure is disassembled
• Steel structure can be strengthen at any latter time
Advantages and Disadvantages of steel structure

 Disadvantages

• Steel structure may be more costly than other types of structures.

• The strength of steel reduced substantially when heated at temperature commonly

observed in building fires, hence need fire resistance treatment.
• Steel structure exposed to air and water, such as bridges are susceptible to corrosion
and needs regular maintenance.
• Construction of steel structure requires skilled persons and high accuracy requires
during fabrications.
• The material cost of steel structure is usually about 30%
Advantages and Disadvantages of steel structure
Ultimate Stress

Breaking Stress
yield

Point

Strain Hardening Region

Necking

Region
Yielding

Elastic (Plastic Range)

Limit
Steel Making

• First iron is extracted from iron ores like haematite, limestone, magnetite in furnace

• Oxygen is passed through molten iron to remove carbon and impurities to make steel.

• Manganese is added to strengthen the steel

• Adding chrome, nickel, phosphorous can impart special properties in steel.

• Semi finished products from the machine is hot rolled to different sections like bars, plates,
angles, sections etc..,

• Adding carbon increases the tensile strength and hardness but lowers ductility and toughness

• In building we use structural steel which has low carbon of up to 0.1% to have ductility and
yield.
Steel Making
Steel Making
Steel Making
Properties of Steel

Properties Value

Modulus of Elasticity (E) 2 x 105 N/mm2

Shear Modulus (G) 0.769 x 105 N/mm2

Poisson’s Ratio (µ) 0.3 (for elastic Zone) 0.5 (Plastic Zone)

Coefficient of thermal expansion 12 x 10-6/ºC

Mechanical Properties of Steel
Yield Strength (Mpa)

UTS
Type 1 Designation Thickness (mm)
(Mpa)

<20 mm 20mm-40mm >40mm

Fe 410 A 410 250 240 230

Standard
Fe 410 B 410 250 240 230
Structural Steel

Fe 410 C 410 250 240 230

St58HT 580 360 0.05 1

High Tensile
Structural Steel
ST55-HTW 580 360 0.05 1
Properties of steel

 Ductility

• Ability of the material to change its shape during application of load before rupture.
 Mild Steel – High Ductility
 High Carbon Steel – Low Ductility
 Toughness

• Ability of material to resist (absorb) impact load like earthquake load, machine load
 Brittleness

• At low temp. steel fails on impact loading due to reduction in ductility and toughness called
brittle fracture
Properties of steel

 Temperature

• At high temperature strength reduces.

 Corrosion

• Steel corrodes in moist air, sea water and acid. Adopt Painting, metallic coating,
plastic coating, using corrosion resistant steel to resist corrosion
 Hardness

• Resistance of the material to intentions and scratching

Properties of steel

 Fatigue

• Damage of material due to cyclic loading.

Steel Section
Common Steel Section

 Rolled steel section

• The steel section which are readily available in market is known as a rolled steel
section.
• Commonly available section are,
 Beam Section ( I Section)
 Channel Section (C Section)
 Angle Section (L Section)
 Tee Section (T Section)
 Steel Bars, Tubes, Flats, Plates etc.
Common Steel Section
Rolled Steel I Section

I Section

ISJB ISLB

ISMB ISWB
• ISJB – Indian standard junior beam
• ISLB – Indian standard Light beam
ISHB • ISMB – Indian standard Medium beam
• ISWB – Indian standard Wide flange beam
• ISHB – Indian Standard Heavy beam
Rolled Steel C Section
• ISJB – Indian Standard Junior Channel
• ISLB – Indian standard Light Weight Channel
• ISMB – Indian standard Medium Weight
C Section Channel
• ISSC – Indian Standard Special Channel

ISJC ISLC

ISMC ISSC
Rolled Steel L Section

• ISA – Indian Standard Angle

L Section

ISA ISA
(Equal) (Unequal)
Rolled Steel T Section

I Section

ISJT ISLT

ISHT ISNT
• ISJT – Indian standard Junior Tee bars
• ISLT – Indian standard Light Tee bars
ISST • ISHT – Indian Standard Heavy flanged Tee bars
• ISNT – Indian standard Normal Tee bars
• ISST – Indian Standard Special legged Tee bars
Design Philosophy

“ Design must reflect the practical and aesthetic in

business but above all …Good design must primarily
serve people.”
Quiz Round
Question 1

 Match List 1 (Properties) with List 2 (Stress point labeled 1,2,3 and 4) in the
stress strain diagram.

 List 1  List 2
A. Yield Point
B. Proportional Limit 2
4
C. Rupture Strength 1
D. Ultimate Strength 3

(a) A B C D (b) A B C D
3412 3 421
(c) A B C D (d) A B C D
4312 4 321
Question 2

 The material cost of steel structure is usually about

(a) 80 % (b) 60%
(c) 50 % (d) 30 %
Question 3

 Which of the following is not correct with regards to steel as structural material
(a) In exposed condition steel may (b) Steel loses its properties in the
corrode event of fire
(c) Fatigue of steel is its major (d) Structural steel being tough may
drawback fracture during large deformation
Question 4

 The structural advantage of using steel as a structural member is

(a) Small weight to strength (b) Speed of erection
(c) Speed of dismantling (d) Scrap Value
Question 5

 Poisson’s ratio of steel in the elastic range is

(a) 0.25 (b) 0.3
(c) 0.4 (d) 0.5
Question 6

 Poisson’s ratio of steel in the plastic range is

(a) 0.4 (b) 0.45
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.55
Question 7

 Which one of the following methods of design is not suitable for structures
subjected to impact and fatigue

(a) Limit stress method

(b) Working stress method
(c) Ultimate stress method
Question 8

 Furniture is an example of

(a) Dead load

(b) Live Load
(c) Dynamic Load
(d) Environmental Load
Question 9

 The life period of steel building is…

(a) 20 Years
(b) 30 Years
(c) 50 Years
(d) 100 Years
Thank You

“If it wasn’t hard everyone would do it.

It’s the hard that makes it great”