PEARSON

PRODUCT
MOMENT
CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT
Learning Competencies
The learner will be able to:
1. Calculate the Pearson Product Moment
Correlation Coefficient; and
2. Solve problems involving correlation
analysis.
 In the previous lesson on scatter plots, the degree or
strength of relationship between the two variables was
not numerically measured. The strength of relationship
was only estimated and described visually based on the
dots plotted on the xy coordinate plane.

 The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient,

denoted by r, measures the strength of the linear
relationship.
 FORMULA
𝑛 σ 𝑥𝑦 − σ 𝑥 σ 𝑦
𝑟=
2
𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2 𝑛 σ𝑦 − σ𝑦 2

Where
n= number of paired values
σ 𝑥= sum of x-values
σ 𝑦= sum of y-values
σ 𝑥𝑦= sum of the products of paired values of x and y
σ 𝑥 2 = sum of squared x-values
σ 𝑦 2 = sum of squared y-values
 INTERPRETATION
Value of r Strength of Correlation
+1 Perfect positive correlation
+0.71 𝑡𝑜 + 0.99 Strong positive correlation
+0.51 𝑡𝑜 + 0.70 Moderately positive correlation
+0.31 𝑡𝑜 + 0.50 Weak positive correlation
+0.01 𝑡𝑜 + 0.30 Negligible positive correlation
0 No correlation
−0.01 𝑡𝑜 − 0.30 Negligible negative correlation
−0.31 𝑡𝑜 − 0.50 Weak negative correlation
−0.51 𝑡𝑜 − 0.70 Moderately negative correlation
−0.71 𝑡𝑜 − 0.99 Strong negative correlation
−1 Perfect negative correlation
 Example 1
The table below shows the time in hours (x) spent by six Grade 11
students in studying their lessons and their scores (y) on a test. Solve for
the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient r.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 5 15 10 15 30 35

Solution
x y xy 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
1 5 5 1 25
2 10 20 4 100
3 15 45 9 225
4 15 60 16 225
5 25 125 25 625
6 35 210 36 1225

෍ 𝑥 = 21 ෍ 𝑦 = 105 ෍ 𝑥𝑦 = 465 ෍ 𝑥 2 = 91 ෍ 𝑦 2 = 2,425

 Solving r
𝑛 σ 𝑥𝑦 − σ 𝑥 σ 𝑦
𝑟=
2
𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2 𝑛 σ𝑦 − σ𝑦 2

585
𝑟=
370,125
= 0.96157 𝑜𝑟 0.962
The value r=0.962 is between +0.71 𝑡𝑜 + 0.99
In the table of interpretation of r.

It indicates that there is a strong positive

correlation between the time in hours spent
in studying and the scores on a test.
Scatter Plot
 Example 2
The table below shows the time in hours (x) spent by six Grade 11
students in playing computer games and the scores these students got
on a math test (y). Solve for the Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient r.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 30 25 25 10 15 5

Solution
x y xy 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
1 30 30 1 900
2 25 50 4 625
3 25 75 9 625
4 10 40 16 100
5 15 75 25 225
6 5 30 36 25

෍ 𝑥 = 21 ෍ 𝑦 = 110 ෍ 𝑥𝑦 = 300 ෍ 𝑥 2 = 91 ෍ 𝑦 2 = 2,500

 Solving r
𝑛 σ 𝑥𝑦 − σ 𝑥 σ 𝑦
𝑟=
2
𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2 𝑛 σ𝑦 − σ𝑦 2

−510
𝑟=
304,500
= −0.92422 𝑜𝑟 − 0.924
The value 𝑟 = −0.924 is between−0.71 𝑡𝑜 − 0.99
In the table of interpretation of r.

It indicates that there is a strong negative

correlation between the time spent in playing
computer games and the scores on a test.
Scatter Plot
 Example 3
The table below shows the number of selfies (x) posted online of
students and the scores (y) they obtained from a Science test. Solve for
the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient r.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 25 5 20 40 25 9

Solution
x y xy 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
1 25 25 1 625
2 5 10 4 25
3 20 60 9 400
4 40 160 16 1600
5 25 125 25 625
6 9 54 36 81

෍ 𝑥 = 21 ෍ 𝑦 = 124 ෍ 𝑥𝑦 = 434 ෍ 𝑥 2 = 91 ෍ 𝑦 2 = 3,356

 Solving r
𝑛 σ 𝑥𝑦 − σ 𝑥 σ 𝑦
𝑟=
2
𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2 𝑛 σ𝑦 − σ𝑦 2

0
𝑟=
499,800
=0
The value 𝑟 = 0.

It indicates that there is no correlation

between the number of selfies posted
online and the scores obtained from a
Science test.
Scatter Plot
 Example 4
The table below shows the number of composition notebooks and the
corresponding costs. The cost per composition notebook is Php 25.
Solve for the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient r.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 25 50 75 100 125 150

Solution
x y xy 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
1 25 25 1 625
2 50 100 4 2500
3 75 225 9 5625
4 100 400 16 10000
5 125 625 25 15625
6 150 900 36 22500

෍ 𝑥 = 21 ෍ 𝑦 = 525 ෍ 𝑥𝑦 = 2,275 ෍ 𝑥 2 = 91 ෍ 𝑦 2 = 56,875

 Solving r
𝑛 σ 𝑥𝑦 − σ 𝑥 σ 𝑦
𝑟=
2
𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2 𝑛 σ𝑦 − σ𝑦 2

2,625
𝑟=
6,890,625
=1
The value 𝑟 = 1.

It indicates that there is a perfect positive

correlation between the two variables.
Scatter Plot
 Example 5
Norman and Beth traveled from City A to City B. They traveled at a
constant rate of 40 kilometers per hour. The distance between City A
and City B is 280 kilometers. Beth decided to write on a piece of paper
the distance they travel after 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and so on until
they reached City B. These are shown on the following Table. Solve for
the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient r.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 240 200 160 120 80 40 0

x
Solution y xy 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
1 240 240 1 57600
2 200 400 4 40000
3 160 480 9 25600
4 120 480 16 14400
5 80 400 25 6400
6 40 240 36 1600
7 0 0 49 0

෍ 𝑥 = 28 ෍ 𝑦 = 840 ෍ 𝑥𝑦 = 2,240 ෍ 𝑥 2 = 140 ෍ 𝑦 2 = 145,600

 Solving r
𝑛 σ 𝑥𝑦 − σ 𝑥 σ 𝑦
𝑟=
2
𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2 𝑛 σ𝑦 − σ𝑦 2

−7,840
𝑟=
61,465,600
= −1
The value 𝑟 = −1.

It indicates that there is a perfect negative

correlation between the two variables.
Scatter Plot
 Example 6
Shown on the table below are bivariate data. Solve for the Pearson
Product Moment Correlation Coefficient r.
x 4 2 8 10 12 14 6 16
y 10 5 25 10 15 20 5 10

Solution
x y xy 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
4 10 40 16 100
2 5 10 4 25
8 25 200 64 625
10 10 100 100 100
12 15 180 144 225
14 20 280 196 400
6 5 30 36 25
16 10 160 256 100

෍ 𝑥 = 72 ෍ 𝑦 = 100 ෍ 𝑥𝑦 = 1,000 ෍ 𝑥 2 = 816 ෍ 𝑦 2 = 1,600

 Solving r
𝑛 σ 𝑥𝑦 − σ 𝑥 σ 𝑦
𝑟=
2
𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2 𝑛 σ𝑦 − σ𝑦 2

800
𝑟=
3,763,200
= 0.41239 𝑜𝑟 0.412
The value 𝑟 is between +0.31 𝑡𝑜 + 0.50.

Hence, there is a weak positive correlation

between the two variables.
Scatter Plot
 Example 7
Listed below are the heights in centimeters and weights in kilograms of
six teachers. Solve for the Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient r.
Teacher A B C D E F
Height (cm) 160 162 167 158 167 170
Weight (kg) 50 59 63 52 65 68

Solution
Teacher x y xy 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
A 160 50 8000 25600 2500
B 162 59 9558 26244 3481
C 167 63 10521 27889 3969
D 158 52 8216 24964 2704
E 167 65 10855 27889 4225
F 170 68 11560 28900 4624

෍ 𝑥 = 984 ෍ 𝑦 = 357 ෍ 𝑥𝑦 = 58,710 ෍ 𝑥 2 = 161,486 ෍ 𝑦 2 = 21,503

 Solving r
𝑛 σ 𝑥𝑦 − σ 𝑥 σ 𝑦
𝑟=
2
𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2 𝑛 σ𝑦 − σ𝑦 2

972
𝑟=
1,035,540
= 0. 95517𝑜𝑟 0.955
The value 𝑟 = 0.955 is between +0.71 𝑡𝑜 +
0.99

It indicates a strong positive correlation

between the height and weight of the six
teachers.
Scatter Plot