Unit No.

2
Components of Building
Unit 2: Components of Building
A) Sub-structure: Types of soil and rocks as foundation
strata, concept of bearing capacity, types of foundations i.e.
shallow and deep and their suitability. Shallow foundation such
as wall foundation, isolated foundation, deep foundation such as
pile foundation.
B) Super-structure: Elements of super-structures and their
functions
 Any building structure can be divided into two basic components:-
1. Sub structure 2. Super structure

 Sub structure – the portion below ground is known as sub structure.

 Components of Sub-structure:- Foundation, Plinth, Dam Proof Course (D.P.C.)

 Function- to distribute and transmit the structure load to a large area below it.

 Super structure - the portion above the ground is known as super-structure.

 Components of Super-structure:- Walls, column, beam, doors, stairs, slabs etc.

 Function- To carry structural load and transfer it to the sub-structure below.

2 .
COMPONENTS OF RCC FRAMED STRUCTURE
PARAPET
3

SLAB

COLUMN
BEAM

WALL

PLINTH BEAM
RCC FOOTING
 Sub structure & Super structure Of building

4 .
SECTION THROUGH EXT WALL OF A BUILDING
COPING 5

PARAPET WALL
ROOF SLAB

SUPERSTRUCTURE
LINTEL
WINDOW
CHAJJA

DOOR

DPC FLOORING
BED CONC

SUB-STRUCTURE
STEPS
RUBBLE/MURUM
GR LVL PLINTH
FILLING

FOOTING
FOUNDATION BED
PCC
 Components of sub structure
1. Foundation

2. Plinth

3. Damp proof course

6 .
 Foundation
It is the lower most portion of the structure
and the soil or rock strata over which it rests.
Function –
 To transmit and distribute the structure load
over a large area of soil or rock over which
it rest.
 Stability against wind, rain sliding, Materials for foundation
overturning • Reinforced cement concrete
 Sustain the load without yielding or (RCC)
settlement. • Plain cement concrete(PCC)
• Stones
 Provide firm and leveled surface for super-
structure.
7 .
 Types of Foundation
 There are two main types foundation :-
1. Shallow Foundation 2. Deep Foundation.
 Shallow foundation:-
When depth of foundation ‘D’ is less than or equal to ‘B’ width of
foundation.
Types:- Wall Footing (Strip), Column Footing, Inverted Arch Footing, Raft
Or Mat Footing, Grillage Foundation.
 Deep Foundation:-
 When depth of foundation ‘D’ is greater than ‘B’ width of foundation.
 Types:- Pile foundation, Caisson, Pier Foundation.

8 .
9 .
 PLINTH
 It is the portion of the sub structure between the level of the surrounding
ground & the level of ground floor.
 Filling between ground floor plinth and ground level is known as plinth filling.
 Minimum height of plinth should be 45cm above the ground level or highest
flood level of surrounding area whichever is greater.
Function –
 Transfer the load of super-structure to foundation.
 To Support the super-structure.
 Safety against flood on roads, moisture etc.
 To retain the plinth filling.
Materials:- RCC, Stone, Bricks are used
10 .
 PLINTH:

11 .
 DAMP PROOF COURSE (D.P.C.)
 It is the layer provided between the sub structure & super structure
Function –
 Prevents entry of moisture
Materials- Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)

12 .
 Super -structure

13 .
14 .
 Super structure
1. Walls 9. Ceiling
2. Pillars & columns 10. Beams
3. Doors 11. Slabs
4. Windows 12. Roofs
5. Window sills 13. Truss
6. Lintels & arches 14. Parapet walls & coping
7. Weather sheds , chajjas,sun 15. Steps , stairs & lifts
breakers 16. Finish for walls
8. Floors

15 .
 1. Walls:-
 Two types of walls 1. Load bearing walls 2. Non-load bearing walls.
 Load bearing walls – which carries the structural load.
 Non-load bearing walls- which doesn’t carry the structural load but used
as partition walls such as plywood, wood, glass, bricks.
 Functions:-
 To enclose or divide the space to make it functional & useful.
 To transfer load of floors to foundation.
 To provide privacy, security, and protection against weathering effects.
 Requirement:-
 Should be strong to bear load
 Stable against sliding and over-turning.
 Should have good appearance.

16 .  Should be in plumb or in level.

 2. Pillars and column
 These are structural vertical members of a building.
Functions :-
 Constructed at suitable intervals to provide lateral stability to the wall.
 To provide support for beams, slabs and transfer the load to the
foundation.
Materials:-
 RCC, brick, stone masonry, steel.
Requirement :-
 They should be strong to withstand superimposed load.

17 .
 3. Doors
 The movable panels constructed in the openings through wall.
Functions :-
 Provide horizontal circulation or movement from one room
other room.
 Provide good ventilation, privacy, protection.
Materials :-
 Wood, ply-wood, plastic, metal, glass.
Types :- according to the type of shutters
 Flush door, panaelled door, glazed doors, rolling shutters,
collapsible doors, etc.
Requirement :-
 Should be strong enough to provide protection and security

18
 Should
. be of good quality.
19 .
  These are the opening built in wall.
4. Windows
 Should be built by considering the direction of wind, exterior view.
 Functions :-
 Provide light, air, ventilation etc.
 Provide privacy and security.
 Materials :-
 Wood, ply-wood, plastic, metal, glass.
 Types :- according to the type of shutters and material of construction
 Panaelled window, glazed window etc
 Requirement :-
 Their size, shape and number depend upon the size of room, outside view, weathering conditions.
 For the light, ventilation minimum area of window should not be less than 1/7th floor area.
 Should be strong enough to provide protection and security
 Should
. be of good quality.
20
 5. Window sill
 These are provided below the window.
 Functions:-
 Provide uniform space and support to window.
 Protect the top of window from wear and tear.
 Materials :-
 Stone-slab, and cement concrete

21 .
 6.Lintels and arch
 These are provided over the opening of doors and windows.
 Functions:-
 Support the load of the wall above the opening since the
frame of the door or window is not strong to bear it.
 Materials :- RCC

7. Weather Shades, Chajjas & Sun

Breakers
 These are projection over doors and windows.
 Functions:-
 They provide protection against sun, rain etc.
 Materials :- RCC
22
 8.Floors
 It is horizontal surface provided in every room for occupants to use.
 Floors covered by different types of flooring material like shahbad tiles, mosaic tiles,
granite, marble, kota etc.
 Floors constructed underground are called as basements.
 Floor immediately above ground is called the ground floor and other above this
floor are called as first, second floor etc.
Functions:-
 Provide a good hard, level and beautiful surface for living.
 Divide the building at different levels one above the other.
 Provide resistant against wear and tear, fire and easy to repair.
Types and materials:-
 Mud and moorum ,Brick, stone, Cement concrete, Terrazo, Mosaic, Marble, Timber,
23 . Rubber, P.V.C
 9. Ceiling
 It is the lower part of upper floors.
 Functions :- they are provided to look more pleasing and beautiful.
 Materials:- plaster of Paris, plastics

10. Beams
 These are Horizontal members of a building.
 Functions :- These are constructed to support the floors and transfer their
loads to the columns.
 Materials:- RCC, timber , steel
24 .
 11. Slabs
 These are horizontal surface provided on beams and columns.
 Functions:-
 Provides space for occupants to live , move and keep their materials.
 It distributes load of floors , uniformly and transfer it to the column and walls
through beams.
 Materials :- RCC

12. Roofs
 Roof is the upper most portion of the building which protects the building from
rain, wind and sun.
 Functions:-
 Provides protection against rain, sun ,wind.
 Types:- Flat Roof, Pitched Roof, Curved Roof
25
. Materials :- RCC, wood, steel
26 .
 13. Parapet wall and coping
 Short wall constructed on the top of
terrace floor.
 It is constructed for safety and viewing.
 Constructed in brick masonry.

 Coping:- Top potion on parapet wall and is

provided to throw off the rain water.

27 .
 14. Stairs, steps and lifts
 Steps are provided for reaching the ground floor level of the building.
 Stairs consisting of number of steps are provided for movement between
floors
 Types :- straight, dog-legged, circular, half turn etc
 Material :- RCC, wood, steel.
 Lifts are mechanical devices generally provided in multi-storeyed or high
rise building.

28 .
29 .
 15. Finish for walls
 It is done by plastering with cement mortar or even painting.
 Function:- they protect the exposed surface and give a pleasant look

30 .
 FOUNDATION

31 .
 TYPES OF FOUNDATION
 Terzaghi – father of soil of mechanics

 Shallow foundations
 Depth ≤ width
 Open foundations
 Footing is used in relation to shallow foundations
 Footing is a foundation unit constructed in brickwork masonry or
concrete under the base of a wall or column for the purpose of
distributing the load over a larger area.

 Deep foundations
 depth is very large in comparison to its width (ie. D > w)
32 .
 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
 SPREAD FOOTING
 STRIP FOOTING
 SIMPLE STRIP FOOTING
 STEPPED FOOTING
 PAD FOOTING (ISOLATED FOOTING)
 SIMPLE PAD FOOTING
 STEPPED PAD FOOTING
 ISOLATED FOOTING FOR RCC COLUMNS
 GRILLAGE FOUNDATION (SP.TYPE OF ISOLATED C.F.)
 COMBINED FOOTING
 COMBINED RECTANGULAR FOOTING
 COMBINED TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING
 CONTINUOUS FOOTING
33 .
 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

 STRAP FOOTING OR CANTILEVER FOOTING

 MAT OR RAFT FOOTING
 Common types-
 Flat plate type
 Flat plate thickened under column
 Flat plate with pedastals
 Two way beam and slab
 Cellular construction
 Basement walls as rigid frame

34 .
35 .
36 .
37 .
38 .
39 .
 Foundation…
 Pile :

 A slender, structural member

consisting steel or concrete or
timber.

 It is installed in the ground to

transfer the structural loads to
soils at some significant depth
below the base of the structure.

40 .
 Foundation…
Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a
group of piles together to support and
transmit column loads to the piles.

41 .
 Foundation…
 Deep foundation :
 Deep foundation consists of pile and pier
foundations.
 This consists in carrying down through the soil
a huge masonry cylinder which may be
supported by the sides of soil or may be
supported on solid rock (hard stratum).

 Pile foundation :
o Pile is an element of construction used as
foundation. It may be driven in the ground
vertically or with some inclination to transfer
.
the load safely.
42
 Foundation…
 Pile foundation…
o Loads are supported in two ways.
o If the load is supported by the effect of
friction between the soil and the pile
skin, it is called friction pile.
o Friction piles may be made of cast iron,
cement concrete, timber, steel, wrought
iron and composite materials.
o If the load is supported by resting the
pile on a very hard stratum, it is called • Piles may be cast-in-situ or precast.
load bearing pile. • They may be cased or uncased.

o Load bearing piles are steel sheet piles,

43 . concrete piles and timber piles.
44 .
 Load Bearing Pile Friction Piles

45 .
 Load bearing pile Friction Pile

46 .
47 .
48 .
 SOIL & ROCK

49 .
 SOIL AND ROCK TYPE AS FOUNDATION STRATA

50 .
 Soil & Rock type as foundation strata
 Rock :-
A natural aggregate of mineral material bonded by strong & permanent
cohesive forces is called as rock

 Soil :-
It is a unconsolidate material, composed of solid particles, produced by
the disintegration of rocks.

51 .
 Interior of Earth

52 .
 Interior of Earth

53 .
 Classification of rocks
1. Geological classification
1. Igneous rocks
2. Sedimentary rocks
3. Metamorphic rocks.

2. Physical classification
1. Stratified rocks

2. Unstratified rocks

3. Chemical classification
1. Silicious rocks
2. Argillaceous rocks
54 . 3. Calcareous rocks
 Rock Characteristics
 Igneous Rock
 Formed when the Earth’s Molten Material Is Cooled
 Slow rate of cooling produce crystalline rock- GRANITE
 Fast rate of cooling produce non-crystalline amorphous
rock- BASALT
 Homogeneous, strong, durable, massive
 Most Difficult to Excavate

55 .
 Rock Characteristics
 Sedimentary Rock
 Formed by deposition of disintegrated material from parent rock
 Weathering action and river water carry the disintegrated material and
deposit it gradually in layers
 Highly Stratified With Many Planes of Weakness
 Most easily excavated type of rock
 E.g. Sandstone, Limestone and Shale

56 .
 Rock Characteristics
 Metamorphic Rock
 Started Out As Igneous or Sedimentary
 Changed Heat, Pressure or Chemical Action
 Rock formed by metamorphism
 In Between Igneous and Sedimentary Rock in
Difficulty of Excavation
 E.g. Slate, Marble and Schist

57 .
 Rocks and Minerals
– Sedimentary rock
– Igneous rock
– Metamorphic rock
quartzite
quartzite basalt

sandstone ocean
Mud & sand
limestone sandstone
limestone
58 .
 The Rock Cycle

59 .
 GRANITE BASALT LIMESTONE

MARBLE SLATE
60 .
 SOIL:
 Soil is a natural aggregate of mineral grains with or without any organic matter.

 The loads of the superstructures are transferred to the subsoil.

 Under load soil gets pressed and grains get dislodged.

 Soil resists dislodging due to interlocking of grains.

61 .
 Formation of soil
 Formed by weathering of rocks due to mechanical disintegration or
chemical decomposition.

 When rock surface gets exposed to atmosphere for an appreciable time, it

gets disintegrates or decomposes into small particles and thus soils are
formed.

 Geological cycle:-
weathering of rocks(Erosion) Transportation Deposition Upheaval

62 .
 CYCLE

EROSION
UPHEAVAL

TRANSPORTATION
HILL DEPOSITION

63 .
 Types of soil
 NON-COHESIVE SOILS
They are made of coarser particles. In the dry state possess no plasticity and lack anycohesion.
E.g. Boulders.
1. GRAVEL : particle size from 4.75 mm – 80 mm
2. SANDY SOIL : particle size from 0.06 mm - 4.75 mm
3. SILT : particle size from 0.002 mm - 0.06 mm

 COHESIVE SOILS:-
They possess cohesion and plasticity.
1. CLAYEY SOIL : particle size from < 0.002 mm
2. BLACK COTTON SOIL :- it shows large shrinkage and settlement.
3. PEAT :- it is the soil containing organic matter.
4. MADE UP GROUNDS :- the ground is formed after filling with refuse.

64 .
 SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION
 THE VERTICAL DOWNWARD MOVE-MENT OF THE BASE OF THE BUILDING
IS CALLED SETTLEMENT
 CAUSESES OF SETTLEMENT
 STATIC LOAD
 DYNAMIC LOAD
 LOWERING OFWATERTABLE
 EXCAVATION NEAR CONSTRUCTION
 OTHERS –
 SUBSOIL ERROSION,VIBRATIONS DUE TO BLASTING, FLOODS.

65 .
 TYPES OF SETTLEMENT
 UNIFORM SETTLEMENTS
 CAUSES:
 Soil with uniform properties
 Intensity of loading is uniform
 No serious damage

 DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
 Non-uniform, un-equal, uneven settlement of some part of the base of the structure.
 More dangerous
 CAUSES:
 Non-uniform soil strata
 Non-uniform loading
 Overloading of soils
 Unequal expansion of soils
66 .
 UNIFORM SETTLEMENT

SETTLEMENT

67 .
 DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT

SETTLEMENT

SETTLEEMENT

68 .
  CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY:
 It is the capacity of the soil to sustain the total load of the structure without
yielding or showing any settlement.

 TYPES OF BEARING CAPACITY:

 Ultimate Bearing Capacity
 The ultimate load per unit area, which would cause the soil to fail in shear.
 Safe Bearing Capacity
 The maximum load per unit area that the soil can safely carry without
displacement.

69 .
 FACTOR OF SAFETY

 SAFE BEARING CAPACIATY = S.B.C.

ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY

 𝑆𝐵𝐶 =
FACTOR OF SAFETY (F.S.)

FACTOR OF SAFETY = 2 - 3

70 .
 DETERMINATION OF BEARING CAPACITY

 Collecting Information –
Local experience in construction of similar buildings:
i) Tests already carried out in adjoining areas to find out bearing capacity
ii) Bearing capacity adopted in adjoining areas.

 Trial pits and use of code of practice:

Trial pits of size 1.2mx1.2m and upto sufficient depth to underlying strata. Depending on
strata met with, code recommends SBC to be adopted.
 Soft rock – 450 KN/m2
 Sand gravel – 250 KN/m2
 Find sand, silt – 150 KN/m2
 Soft clay, Black Cotton Soil - 50KN/m2

 Field Tests/in-situ tests/Plate-Bearing Test / Plate Load Test

71 .
 FIELD TEST: IN-SITU/PLATE BEARING TEST

 For multi-storied buildings. Simplest type of test.

 Method consists essentially in loading a rigid plate at the foundation level observing the
settlement for each increment of load after intervals.

 Plotting the load-settlement curve and then determining the UBC which is taken as the
load at which the plate starts sinking at a rapid rate.

 Method consists essentially in loading a rigid plate at the foundation level observing the
settlement for each increment of load after intervals.

 Plotting the load-settlement curve and then determining the UBC which is taken as the
load at which the plate starts sinking at a rapid rate.

72 .
 FIELD TEST: IN-SITU/PLATE BEARING TEST
 Apparatus:
(1) Bearing plates- M.S. circular/square:
300-750mm size, not less than 25mm thk.
(2) hydraulic jack,
(3) loading platform.
(4) settlement recording device
(5) proving ring.

 Procedure:
i) excavation of test pit-
ii) thin layer of sand or POP is spread.
iii) loading.
73 .
 FIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TEST

5Bp
5Bp

Test Plate
Bp
Bp D
5Bp

steps

PLAN Dp
FOUNDATION LVL

74 .
 DETAILS OF EXCAVATED PIT FOR PLATE LOAD TEST

5Bp

TEST PLATE

Bp BEARING PLATE
5Bp

steps
Dp
PLAN POP LAYER
SECTION

Bp / Bf = Dp / Df

75 .
 FIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TEST

SAND BAGS
PLANKS
CROSS
JOINTS

MAIN GIRDER

HYDRAULIC JACK PROVING

MASONRY RING

DIAL TEST PLATE

76 . FOUNDATION LVL
 FIELD TEST: PLATE BEARING TEST

 Sensitivity of dial gauges : 0.02mm

 Observation of settlement for each increament of load

 Interval for measureing settlements: 1, 4, 10, 20, 40, 60 min and there after
hourly intervals.

 Maximum load: 1.5 times estimated ultimate load.

77 .
 LOAD SETTLEMENT CURVES

LOAD INTENSITY

NONCOHESIVE SOILS

SETTLEMENT
COHESIVE
SOILS

INTERMEDIATE
SOILS

78 .
 LIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TEST
 The test is carried out on a small area and the results are used for larger area.

 Bearing capacity in respect of clayey strata, remains unaffected, whether the test
is carried on small or large area. However, in case of cohesion less soils, bearing
capacity increases with size of footing.

 Thus with this test, soil up to a depth twice the width of steel plate is tested. But
in practice Bf the width of footing is far more than Bp. Hence, if loose weak soil
pockets are present within a depth of 2Bp then results obtained from the plate
bearing test will not hold good.

79 .
 LIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TEST

LIMIT OF PRESSURE 1.5W

1.5 WP
HARD STRATA

LOAD TEST
SOFT STRATA

LOOSE POCKETS

.
ACTUAL FOUNDATION
80
 LIMITATIONS OF PLATE BEARING TEST
 With rise in water table, bearing capacity reduces. This aspect needs
consideration while finalizing B.C., especially of non-cohesive soils.

 It is difficult to carry out tests at greater depths.

 The results of test carried on small square plate cannot be used for
continuous footing.

 Settlements in respect of cohesive soils take lot of time, as such, ultimate

settlement of cohesive soils cannot be determined in short period.

81 .
 FACTORS AFFECTING BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL
 Type & nature of soil (coarse/fine grained)
 Environmental conditions:
 Drainage, seepage, accumulation of water
 Extent of soil compaction
 Physical properties: density, strength etc.
 Moisture content
 Differential settlement
 Types of foundations
 Depth of foundation
 Proximity of ground water table
82 .
 METHODS OF IMPROVING B.C. OF SOIL

 Increasing depth of foundation

 Draining non-cohesive soils

 Reducing voids by compaction

 Driving sand piles

 Grouting by cement or chemicals

83 .
 FAILURE OF FOUNDATION

 Settlement of sub-soil and masonry.

 Lateral movement of soil adjoining the structure
 Shrinkage and swelling of soil due to weather changes
 Lateral pressure causing overturning of structure
 Cracks in foundation masonry due to growth of trees near foundation

84 .