Cells :

Structure and Organization

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 HIERARCHY OF CELL MOLECULER ORGANIZATION

Cell Organelles Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast,

golgi apparatus
Supramolecules Ribosome, enzyme complex,
contractile system, microtubles
Macromolecules Nucleic acid, protein, lipid,
polysaccharide
Building Block Nucleotide, amino acid,
monosaccharide, fatty acid, glycerol
Intermediate Pyruvic, malate, citrate,
Metabolic gliceraldehide-3-phosphat
Precursor from CO2, H2O, Nitrogen, ammonia
Environment
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 Prokaryotic Cell

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 Plant Cell Animal Cell
Cell wall present No cell wall present

Plastids inside of chloroplast No plastids

No lysosomes Lysosomes found

Some centrioles present Centrioles are always present

Large vacuoles hold cell matter If vacuoles are present they are small

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 Bacteria Cell

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 Animal Cell

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 Plant Cell

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 Plasma Membrane

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 Plasma Membrane

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 Mitochondrion

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 Cell Organization

Cell Part: Structure: Functions:

Plasma Membrane composed of a
membrane double layer of lipids
(phospholipids, cholesterol)
within which proteins are
embedded; proteins may
extend entirely through the
lipid bilayer or protrude on
only one face
Serves as an external cell barrier;
acts in transport of substances
into or out of the cell; externally
facing proteins act as receptors
(for hormones,
neurotransmitters) and in cell-to-
cell recognition

Cell wall Depend on the organism Strengthen and give shape to the
cell
Cytoplasm Cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membranes;
consists of fluid cytosol, containing dissolved solutes, inclusions
(stored nutrients, pigments granules), and organelies, the
metabolic machinery of the cytoplasm.

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 Cell Part: Structure: Functions:

Cytoplasmic organelles

−Mitochondria Rod-like, double-membrane Site of ATP synthesis;

structures; inner membrane powerhouse of the
folded into projections called cell
cristae

−Ribosome's Dense particles consisting of The sites of protein

two subunits, each synthesis
composed of ribosomal RNA
and proteins; free or attached
to rough ER

−Rough Membrane system enclosing a Makes proteins that are

endoplasmic cavity, the cistern a, and secreted from the cell;
reticulum coiling through the makes the cell's
cytoplasm; externally membrane
studded with ribosome's

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 Cell Part: Structure: Functions:

−Smooth Membranous Site of lipid metabolism

endoplasmic system of
reticulum tubules; free of
ribosomes

−Golgi apparatus A stack of smooth Packages, modifies, and segregates

membrane sacs proteins for secretion from the cell
close to the and inclusion in lysosomes; sends
nucleus membranes from rough ER to their
destinations

−Lysosomes Membranous sacs Sites of intracellular digestion

containing acid
hydrolases

−Peroxisomes Membranous sacs The enzymes detoxify a number of

of oxidase toxic substances; the most
enzymes important enzyme, catalase, breaks
down hydrogen peroxide

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 Cell Part: Structure: Functions:

−Microfilaments Fine filaments of the Involved in muscle contraction

contractile protein actin and other types of intracellular
movement; help form the cell's
cytoskeleton

−Intermediate Protein fibres; The stable cytoskeleton

filaments composition varies elements; resist tensile forces
acting on the cell

−Microtubles Cylindrical structures Support the cell and give it

composed of tubulin shape; involved in intracellular
proteins and cellular movements, form
centrioles

−Centrioles Paired cylindrical bodies, Organise a microtubule network

each composed of nine during mitosis to form the
triplets of microtubules spindle; form bases of cilia
and flagella

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 Cell Part: Structure: Functions:

Nucleus Surrounded by the nuclear Control center of the cell;

membrane; contains fluid responsible for transmitting
nucleoplasm, nucleoli, genetic information and
and chromatin providing the instructions for
protein synthesis
−Nuclear Double bilipid membrane Separates the nucleoplasm from
membrane containing proteins; the cytoplasm and regulates
pierced by pores; passage of substances to
continuous with the and from the nucleus
cytoplasmic ER

−Nucleoli Dense spherical (non- Site of ribosome subunit

membrane-bounded) manufacture
bodies
−Chromatin Granular, threadlike material
composed of DNA and
histone proteins

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 Next lecture:
pH and Buffer

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