GROUP

BS ENTREP 3-2
Submitted by:
1. ANNE T. GARCIA
2. ALEXA C. REYES
3. ANGIELINE A. BACEROS
4. MADELINE S. TAMSIE
5. JAKE B. CORTEZ
6. ARNALDO Q. YU
7. JAYMIE L. MADARAG

Submitted to: Ms. Mercy T. Castro

WHY IS HUMANITIES
IMPORTANT
IN ARCHITECTURE

Architecture introduction to Humanities

• Buildings – are works of art, that is
architecture. Building possess artistic
quality. They make our living space more
livable. They draw us to them rather than
push us away or make us ignore them
 HOW DOES
ARCHITECTURE HELP
THE COMMUNITY

Architects serve people and respond to

emergencies.
• All architure serves a human need. But
architects can also use their skills to help
those in need.
 HOW DOES
ARCHITECTURE AFFECT
HUMAN BEHAVIOR?

An architect can control human behavior with

his design by understanding the way that a
buildings desig can influence a persons
behavior, thus modifying the individuals mood
and perception, whether the environment is
natural or man-made.
8 INNOVATIONS OF ROMAN
EMPIRE ARCHITECTURE
1. The arch and the vault
2. Domes
3. Concrete
4. Domestic architecture
5. Public buildings
6. The Colosseum
7. Aqueducts
8. Triumphal arches
FROM GREEKS TO
ROMANS
Roman buildings and monuments still stand in many of the cities
and towns, some structures still in use today.
How did the Romans, building two millennia ago with nothing
but human muscle and animal power, leave such a lasting
legacy?
The Romans built on what they knew from the Ancient Greeks.
The two styles are together called Classical Architecture and
their principles are still used by modern architects.
 From the 18th century,
Neoclassical architects
deliberately copied ancient
buildings with regular, plain,
symmetrical designs with lots of
columns and arches, often using
white plaster or stucco as a finish.
Modern buildings built in this
style are described as New
Classical.
The Parthenon In Athens. The Romans took Ancient Greek principles and
built on them.
1. THE ARCH AND THE VAULT
The Romans did not invent but did master both the arch and
vault, bringing a new dimension to their buildings that the Greeks
did not have.
Arches can carry much more weight than straight beams,
allowing longer distances to be spanned without supporting
columns. The Romans realized that arches didn’t have to be full
semi-circles, allowing them to build their long bridges. Stacks of
arches allowed them to build higher spans, best seen in some of
their spectacular aqueducts.
Vaults take the arches strengths and apply them in three
dimensions. Vaulted roofs were a spectacular innovation. The
widest vaulted Roman roof was the 100 foot-wide roof over the
throne room in Diocletian’s palace.
THE ROMANS USED ARCHES AND
VAULTS WHEN CONSTRUCTING
TRAJAN’S MARKETS IN ROME.
2. DOMES
Domes use similar principles of circular geometry to cover large
areas with no internal support.
The oldest surviving dome in Rome was in the Emperor Nero’s
Golden House, built around 64 AD. It was 13 metres in diameter.
Domes became an important and prestigious feature of public
buildings, particularly baths. By the 2nd century, The Pantheon
was completed under Emperor Hadrian, it is still the largest
unsupported concrete dome in the world.
AN 18TH CENTURY PAINTING OF THE DOME OF
THE PANTHEON.
3. CONCRETE
As well as mastering and refining Ancient Greek
geometrical learning, the Romans had their own wonder
material. Concrete freed the Romans from building only
with carved stone or wood.
Roman concrete was behind the Roman
Architectural Revolution of the late Republic (around 1st
century BC), the first time in history that buildings were
built with regard to more than the simple practicalities of
enclosing space and supporting a roof over it. Buildings
could become beautiful in structure as well as decoration.
The Roman material is very similar to the Portland
cement that we use today. A dry aggregate (perhaps rubble)
was mixed with a mortar that would take in water and
harden. The Romans perfected a range of concretes for
different purposes, even building under water.
HADRIAN’S VILLA BOASTED AN ISLAND IN A
DOMED ROOM WHERE THE EMPEROR
COULD ESCAPE THE STRESSES OF
GOVERNMENT.
4. DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
Most of Rome’s citizens lived in simple structures,
even blocks of flats. The rich though enjoyed villas,
which were country estates in which to escape the heat
and crowds of a Roman summer.
Cicero (106 – 43 BC), the great politician and
philosopher, owned seven. The Emperor Hadrian’s villa
at Tivoli consisted of more than 30 buildings with
gardens, baths, a theatre, temples and libraries.
Hadrian even had a complete small home on an indoor
island with drawbridges that could be pulled up.
Tunnels allowed servants to move around without
disturbing their masters.
Most villas had an atrium – an enclosed open
space – and three separate areas for owners and slave
accommodation and storage. Many had baths, plumbing
and drains and hypocaust under-floor central heating.
Mosaics decorated floors and murals walls.
A PHILOSOPHER, POET AND FLAUTIST,
EMPEROR HADRIAN WAS ALSO A BRILLIANT
MILITARY STRATEGIST AND RUTHLESS
COMMANDER OF HIS LEGIONS.
5. PUBLIC BUILDINGS
Great public structures were built to provide
entertainment, to instil civic pride, to worship in
and to show the power and generosity of the rich
and powerful. Rome was full of them, but wherever
the Empire spread, so did magnificent public
buildings.

Julius Caesar was a particularly flamboyant

public builder, and he attempted to make Rome
surpass Alexandria as the Mediterranean’s greatest
city, adding major public works such as the Forum
Julium and the Saepta Julia.
6. THE COLOSSEUM
 Still one of the iconic sights of Rome
today, the Colosseum was a massive stadium
that could house between 50,000 and 80,000
spectators. It was ordered built by Emperor
Vespasian around 70 – 72 AD, on the site of
Nero’s personal palace.
Like many Roman buildings, it was built
with the spoils of war and to celebrate victory,
this time in the Great Jewish Revolt. It is in four
levels, and was completed in 80 AD after
Vespasian’s death.
It was the model for similar celebratory
amphitheatre throughout the Empire.
7. AQUEDUCTS
Romans were able to live in large cities
because they knew how to transport water for
drinking, public baths and sewerage systems.
The first aqueduct, the Aqua Appia, was built
in 312 BC in Rome. It was 16.4 km long and supplied
75,537 cubic metres of water a day, flowing down a
total 10-metre drop.
The tallest aqueduct still standing is the Pont
du Gard bridge in France. Part of a 50km water
delivery system, the bridge itself is 48.8 m high
with a 1 in 3,000 downward gradient, an
extraordinary achievement with ancient
technology. It is estimated the system carried
200,000 m3 a day to the city of Nimes.
THE PONT DU GARD NEAR NIMES, FRANCE
8. TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
The Romans celebrated their military triumphs and other
achievements by building gigantic arches over their roads.

The Roman’s mastery of the arch may have given this simple
shape a special significance to them. Early examples were
being built by 196 BC when Lucius Steritinus put up two to
celebrate Spanish victories.

After Augustus limited such displays to emperors only, the

men at the top were in an ongoing competition to build the
most magnificent. They spread throughout the Empire, with
36 in Rome alone by the fourth century.

The largest surviving arch is the Arch of Constantine, 21 m

high in total with one arch of 11.5 m.
THE ARCH OF CONSTANTINE WAS BUILT TO CELEBRATE
THE COMMEMORATE EMPEROR’S DEFEAT OF MAXENTIUS
AT THE BATTLE OF MILVIAN BRIDGE.