ENGLISH PRESENTATION

By :

Ulin Nuha

Venny Vildayanti Y
 DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH
DEFINITION
Direct is a sentence that report speech or thought in its original form, as phrased by
the original speaker. It is usually enclosed in quotation marks
Indirect speech, also called reported speech, is a sentence that reports speech or
thought without quoting the exact words (original form)
EXAMPLE:
Direct: John said “i’m very busy now”
Indirect : John said that he was very busy now
 RULES FOR CHANGING DIRECT
SPEECH INTO INDIRECT
Rule 1: When the reporting verb(spoken statements like say,ask,ordered,laughed) is in
the past tense , all present tenses are changed into corresponding past tense.
Simple present→simple past
Present continuous→past continuous
Present perfect→past perfect
Rule 2: the tenses may not change if the statement is a universal truth. Its your
choice to keep the original tenses or make changes
Rule 3: if the reporting verb is in the present tense, the tenses of the direct speech
do not change
Rule 4: The pronouns of the direct speech are changed where necessary.
It depends upon the speaker and hearer. Do not indicate the original
speaker.
Rule 5: Words expressing time are changed into words expressing
distance. For example: Now becomes then, today becomes that day.
Rule 6: If the thing in the direct speech is near at hand then
This →that
These →those
Rule 7: In reporting(direct) question the indirect speech is introduced by
some such verbs as asked, inquired
Rule 8: In reporting commands and requests, the indirect speech is
introduced by some verbs expressing command or request such as
ordered, urged, shouted.
Rule 9: : In reporting exclamations and wishes the indirect speech is
introduced by some verb expressing exclamation or a wish like Alas,
Bravo, Heaven.
 C H A N G E S T O R E M E M B E R ( T E N S E C H A N G E PA R T 1 )
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple Past simple
She said,”it’s cold” She said it was cold

present continuous Past continuous

She said,”i’m teaching english online She said she was teaching english online

Present perfect simple Past perfect simple

She said,”i’ve been on the web since 1999” She said she had been on the web since 1999

Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

She said,”i’ve been teaching english for seven years” She said she had been teaching english for seven
years
Past simple Past perfect
She said,” i thought online yesterday” She said she had taught online yesterday

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

She said,”i was teaching earlier” She said she had been teaching earlier

Past perfect Past perfect

She said,” the lesson had already started when he She said the lesson had already started when he
arrived” arrived

Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

She said,”i’d already been teaching for five minutes She said she’d already been teaching for five
minutes
 CHANGES TO REMEMBER (TENSE CHANGE
PA R T 2 , F U T U R E T E N S E )

Direct speech Indirect speech

will Would
She said, “I’ll teach She said she would teach english
English online tomorrow.” online tomorrow
Can Could
She said,”i can teach She said she could teach english
english online” online
Must Had do
She said,” i must have a She said she had to have a computer
Computer to teach to teach english online
english online” Should
Shall She asked what we should learn
She said,” what shall we today
learn today?” Might
May She asked if she might open a new
She said,”may i open a browse
new browser”
 CHANGES TO REMEMBER
2. TIME CHANGE
NOW → THEN

HERE → THERE

AGO → BEFORE

TODAY → THAT DAY

TOMORROW → THE NEXT DAY

YESTERDAY → THE DAY BEFORE

LAST NIGHT → THE NIGHT BEFORE

 CHANGES TO REMEMBER
3. PRONOUN CHANGE

ME YOU

Direct speech
She said, “i teach english online.”
“I teach english online,” she said
“I teach english online” Reported speech
She said she teaches english online
Or
She said she taught english online
 EXAMPLES
DIRECT INDIRECT
“The exhibition finished last week,” James explained that the exhibition had
Explained James finished the preceding week
He asked,” why are you studying english?” He asked me why i was studying english.

“where is the post office?” asked the The stranger asked where the post office was
stranger

The speaker said,”be quiet and listen to my He urged them to be quiet and listen to them
words”

She said to me, “please wait here till i She asked me to wait there till she returned
return.”
 RULES FOR CHANGING
INDIRECT INTO DIRECT

 The conversion of indirect into direct generally present no special

difficulties, as following example will show

 Indirect

He inquired whether his name was not ahmed?

 Direct

He said to him,”is not your name Ahmed”

 QUESTION
1. Helen said Jono, “May I borrow your dictionary tomorrow?”. What did Helen say to
Jono…
a. Helen said Jono to borrow her dictionary tomorrow
b. Helen said Jono if/whether he might borrow her dictionary the following day
c. Helen said Jono whether she might borrow her dictionary the following day
d. Helen said Jono to borrow her dictionary the following day
e. Helen said Jono if/whether she might borrowed her dictionary the following day

2. Sofia said my mom, “Can I meet your daughter, Mila, now?”. We know that…
a. Sofia asked my mom if she could meet her daughter, Mila, then
b. Sofia asked my mom if she could met her daughter, Mila, then
c. Sofia asked my mom if she can meet her daughter, Mila, then
d. Sofia asked my mom if she could met her daughter, Mila, now
e. Sofia asked my mom if she can meet his daughter, Mila, then
3. My father asked My brother, “Will we spend the holiday in Lampung next month?”. We can conclude that…
a. My father asked my brother whether we would spent the holiday in Lampung the following month
b. My father asked my brother whether they would spend the holiday in Lampung the following month
c. My father asked my brother whether they would spend the holiday in Lampung the following month
d. My father asked my brother whether they would spend the holiday in Lampung the next month
e. My father asked my brother whether we would have spent the holiday in Lampung the following month

4. Miftahul said Dwi, “Will you marry me?”. We can conclude that……
a. Miftahul asked Dwi if she would marry him
b. Miftahul asked Dwi if he would marry him
c. Miftahul asked Dwi if he would marry hers
d. Miftahul asked Dwi if he would marry her
e. Miftahul asked Dwi if he will marry her
5. Fairuz said me, “Shall I go now?”. We can conclude that…….
a. Fairuz asked me that he should go then
b. Fairuz asked me that he should go now
c. Fairuz asked me if he should go now
d. Fairuz asked me if he shall go then
e. Fairuz asked me whether he should go then

6. Joshua said Sindy, “could you send the letter yesterday?”. What did Joshua say Sindy….
a. Joshua said Sindy to send the letter the day before
b. Joshua said Sindy that he could send the letter the day before
c. Joshua said Sindy whether he could have sent the letter the day before
d. Joshua said Sindy she could have sent the letter yesterday
e. Joshua said Sindy if she could have sent the letter the day before
7. Sinta said Bayu, “should we wait Our friends here?”. We know that……..
a. Sinta said Bayu shall they wait Our friends there
b. Sinta said Bayu whether they should wait their friends there
c. Sinta said Bayu whether they should have waited their friends there
d. Sinta said Bayu that they should have waited their friends there
e. Sinta said Bayu whether they should have wait our friends there

8. Sulena asked Tito , “might you spend the holiday in Jogjakrta last month?”. We can
conclude that….
a. Sulena asked Tito to you might spend the holiday in Jogjakrta the month before
b. Sulena asked Tito if she might have spent the holiday in Jogjakrta the month before
c. Sulena asked Tito whether she might have spent the holiday in Jogjakrta the month
before
d. Sulena asked Tito that he might have spent the holiday in Jogjakrta last month before
e. Sulena asked Tito might you have spend the holiday in Jogjakrta last month before
9. Riza said Denny, “Would you come to my home?”. We can conclude that….
a. Riza said Denny if she Would have come to her home
b. Riza said Denny that she Would come to her home
c. Riza said Denny Would she come to her home
d. Riza said Denny whether he Would have come to his home
e. Riza said Denny if she Would have come to my home

10. Mario said me, “Should I go?” . We can conclude that….

a. Mario said me, whether he Should go
b. Mario said me whether I Should go
c. Mario said me that he Should have gone
d. Mario said me,to she Should have gone
e. Mario said me whether he Should have gone
 ANSWER
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. E
6. E
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. E
QUIZ
1. Tina said Eko, “why May you give the permitting to them to take
all?”. What did Tina say to Eko …
a. Tina said Eko why you might give the permitting to them to take all
b. Tina said Eko why he might give the permitting to them to take all
c. Tina said Eko why he might have given the permitting to them to take all
d. Tina said Eko why she might give the permitting to them to take all
e. Tina said Eko why she might have given the permitting to them to take all
2. Aurelia said Fino, “where Can I buy this hat now?”. We know that….
a. Aurelia said Fino where she could buy that hat, then
b. Aurelia said Fino where she could have bought that hat, then
c. Aurelia said Fino where she could buy this hat, now
d. Aurelia said Fino where he could buy that hat, then
e. Aurelia said Fino where he could have bought that hat, then
3. Riana asked Ubbay, “when Will we join the students organization ?”. We can
conclude that…..

a. Riana asked Ubbay when we Would join the students organization

b. Riana asked Ubbay when they Would join the students organization
c. Riana asked Ubbay when we Would have joined the students organization
d. Riana asked Ubbay when they Would have joined the students organization
e. Riana asked Ubbay when they Would have been joined the students
organization
4. Wida said Carel, “why Will you marry me?”. We can conclude
that….

a. Wida said Carel she would marry him

b. Wida said Carel she would have married him
c. Wida said Carel he would have married her
d. Wida said Carel he would marry her
e. Wida said Carel to he would marry her
5.Yumna said Fairuz , “when Shall I come to your home?”. We can
conclude that….

a. Yumna said Fairuz when she Shall I come to your home

b. Yumna said Fairuz when She have come to your home?”
c. Yumna said Fairuz when She come to his home?”
d. Yumna said Fairuz when She should have come to his home
e. Yumna said Fairuz when She should come to his home
THANK YOU