COMPLEX NUMBER

Once upon a time…

1  no real solution
COMPLEX NUMBER
• contain the ordinary real numbers, but extend them by
adding in extra numbers
• a number comprising area land imaginary part
• Written: (a ± bi)
• where: a and b - real numbers
i - the standard imaginary unit
a – real part
bi – imaginary part
i  1
2
i  1
If a  0, then a  i a .
 i  1

1
1

i  1
2
i  i
3
i 1
4
And it cycles….
i 1 i  i i  i
5 4
i  i i  i
9 8

i  1
2
i  i  i  1
6 4 2
i  i  i  1
10 8 2

i  i
3
i  i  i  i
7 4 3
i  i  i  i
11 8 3

i 1
4
i  1 i  1
8 4 4
i  1 i  1
12 8 4

Do you see a pattern yet?

What is that pattern?
We are looking at the remainder when the power is
divided by 4.
Why?
4
Every i doesn’t matter. It is what remains
4
after all of the i are taken out.

92233
Try it with i
 HISTORY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

• Complex numbers were first conceived and defined by the Italian

mathematician Gerolamo Cardano, who called them “fictitious”, during
his attempts to find solutions to cubic equations. This ultimately led to the
fundamental theorem of algebra, which shows that with complex
numbers, a solution exists to every polynomial equation of degree one or
higher. Complex numbers thus form an algebraically closed field, where
any polynomial equation has a root.
• The rules for addition, subtraction and multiplication of complex
numbers were developed by the Italian mathematician Rafael Bombelli. A
more abstract formalism for the complex numbers was further developed
by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton.
APPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBER
IN ENGINEERING:
• Control Theory
• Signal analysis
• Improper integrals
• Residue theorem
• Quantum mechanics
Solving Quadratic Equations
1. Solve for x2 = -25
• Take the square root on both sides.
x 2  25
x 2   25
x  i 25
x  5i
• Then solution set is {±5i}.
Another Example
• Solve: x2 + 54 = 0
x 2  54  0
x 2  54
x   54
x  i 54  i 9  6
x  3i 6

• The solution set is 3i 6.

Operations of Complex Numbers
Equality
a + bi = c + di ---> a = c and b = d
Addition/ Subtraction
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
(a + bi) – (c + di) = (a – c) + (b – d)i
Multiplication
(a + bi)(c + di) = ac + adi + bci + bdi2
= (ac – bd) + (ad + bc)i

Division
(a + bi)/(c + di) = (a + bi)(c – di)/(c + di)(c – di)
= (a + bi)(c – di)/(c2 + d2)
 Complex Conjugate (z*)
• If z = x + iy, then its complex conjugate z* is defined as
z* = x – iy
• Observe the following:
zz* = x2 + y2
Thus, the product of a complex number and its complex conjugate is a
real number.
Proof: zz* = (x + iy)(x – iy)
= x2 – (iy)2
= x2 – (-y2)
= x 2 + y2
 Example
1. Express the following in the form x + iy, where x, y Є R.
• A) z = (3 – 3i) + (-3 + i)
• B) z = (2 + 2i)(1 – 3i)
• C) z = (2 + 10i)/(5 – 3i)
• D) z = (2 - 𝟐 i) – (1 – 3i)
• E) z = ( 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒊) ( 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊)
• F) z = (3 + 2i)/(4 – i)
 Examples
2. Given that (2 – i)2 + (3x + i)(y – i) + 5i = 10, find the exact values of x and y.
3. Find the square root of 15 + 8i.
4. The complex numbers p and q are such that
p = 2 + ia, q = b – i, where a and b are real numbers.
Given that pq = 13 + 13i, find the possible values of a and b.
5. Two complex numbers w and z are such that
2w + z = 12i and w* + 2z = (-13 + 4i)/(2 – i).
Find w and z, giving each answer in the form x + iy.
 Seatwork
1. Perform the following operation:
a) (2 + 3i) + (4 + i)
b) (8 − 3i) − (−2 + 4i)
c) (2 + 3i)(1 + 2i)
d) (2 + 3i)/(1 + 4i)
2. Find x, y if x/(1 + i) + y/(2 − i) = 2 + 4i.
3. Find the square root of 35 − 12i.
4. Find the roots of z2 − (1 − i)z + 7i − 4 = 0 in the form a + ib.
5. By writing z = x + iy, x, y Є R, solve the simultaneous equations
z2 + zw – 2 = 0 and z* = w/(1 + i)
FIN.