PARTICLE PHYSICS

“High Energy Physics”

 deals with the properties,
relationship and interaction of
subatomic particles.
 study the nature of particles that
constitute matter and radiation.
Particles
• small localized object to which can be
ascribed several physics or chemical
properties such as volume and mass.
• usually applied differently to different
sizes.
PAUL DIRAC  involved in the early
work on quantum mechanics.
- he work on incorporating relativity
to quantum mechanics.
- he formulated a relativistically
correct wave equation for the electron.
Results:
1. The solution indicated that
electrons have SPIN.
2. Electron could exist in both
positive and negative energy
state.
DIRAC - postulated the existence of
the positively charge particles
having the same mass as
electron.
DIRAC’s work was a realization that to
any particle, not just electron there
corresponds a similar particle of the
same mass with opposite charge.
ANTIPARTICLES  a subatomic particle
identical to another subatomic particle in
mass but opposite to it in electric and
magnetic properties.
EMILIO SEGRE and QWEN
CHAMBERLAIN  confirmed the
existence of antiproton.
Every type of particle has a
corresponding antiparticle
Antiparticles arises in:
• high energy collision experiment
• interactions with cosmic rays
• radioactive decay
Examples:

• the positron is an antiparticle of electron

• the antiproton is an antiparticle of proton
• the antineutron is an antiparticle of
neutron
• anti neutrino is an antiparticle of
neutrino
Particle – antiparticle pairs can annihilate each
other producing photon; the total charge is
conserved.
ANNIHILATION – is used to denote the process
that occurs when a subatomic particles collide
with its respective antiparticle.
 particle simply transformed into new
particles.
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

• any of various fundamental

subatomic particles, including those
that are the smallest and most basic
constituent of matter.
Properties that describes an Elementary
Particles:

• Mass
• Electric charge
• Spin
Four fundamental forces that govern the behavior of
elementary particles
• the strong force
• the electromagnetic force
• the weak force
• the gravitational force
Note: a given particle may not necessarily be subject to all
four interactions.
 Classification of Elementary Particles

According to which statistics they obey:

 FERMIONS  particles that obey

Fermi-Dirac statistics
 BOSONS  particles that are not
covered by exclusion
principle
Pauli’s Exclusion
 No two electron in an atom can
have identical quantum number as
an orbital can contain a max. of only
two electrons (having opposite spin)
 Fermion tend to avoid each other
Bose – Einstein Condensate
 An unlimited number of bosons
can have the same energy state and
share a single quantum state.
Differences of Fermions and Bosons
Fermions Bosons
Have half-integral spin have mostly 1 spin

Electron and Nucleons Photon, pion, graviton

 Classification of Elementary Particles
According to their masses:
 Hadrons  the heaviest particles
 after the word “HADROS”
 take part in nuclear interaction
through strong nuclear force.
Ex. Proton, neutron, pions and kaons
 Leptons  are the lightest particles
 interact by the weak nuclear force.
 ½ spin, electric charge of +1, 0,
and -1
Ex. Positron, electron, muon and
neutrino,Tau
Subdivision of Hadrons

 Baryons  heavy particles

 made up of three quark
 includes proton and neutron
 proton is the only stable baryon, all
other baryons eventually decay into proton.
 Mesons  are hadrons composed
of quark-anti quark pair.
 they are bosons, having integral
spin of 0,1 or -1 a in they are even
number of quarks.
 They have baryon number B=0
QUARKS
are the fundamental constituents of
hadrons and interact via strong
interaction.
carrier of fractional charge, but because
they combine in three groups (baryons), or
in group of two with antiquark (mesons)
only integer charge is observe in nature.
PARTICLE DETECTOR
and
ACCELERATOR
Particle Detector

• also known as radiation detector.

• a device used to detect, track and/or
identify high-energy particles.
• it is also used as calorimeters to measure
the energy of the detected radiation
Particle Detector

GEIGER MULLER TUBE

o named after Hans Geiger and W.
Muller
o a device that can detect different type
of radiation.
Particle Detector

SCINTILLATION COUNTER
o an instrument used for detecting and
measuring ionizing radiation.
o inexpensive yet with good quantum
efficiency and can measure both the intensity
and the energy of incident radiation.
Particle Detector

PHOTOMULTIPLIER
o a vacuum tube containing several high
sensitive electrode.
o the output is proportional to the
energy of the incident photon.
Particle Detector
SOLID-STATE DETECTOR
o have an advantage of being small,
fast response and less voltage
requirement.
o not very efficient detector
Particle Detector

TRACK – VISUALIZATION
o an instrument that record the path in
space of an individual particle.
o It includes photographic film and a
bubble chamber
Accelerators

• a device that uses electromagnetic

fields to propel charged particles to
high speeds and to contain them in a
well-defined beams.
• used as colliders
Particle Accelerator

VAN DE GRAAFF GENERATOR

o an electrostatic generator which uses a
moving belt to accumulate high amount
of electric potential on a hollow metal
globe on the top of the stand.
o High voltage  used for accelerating
subatomic particles to high speeds.
Particle Accelerator

CYCLOTRON
o invented by Ernest O. Lawrence
o a charged particles accelerate
outwards from the center along the
spiral path.
o The particles are held to a spiral
trajectory by static magnetic field and
accelerated by a rapidly varying (radio
frequency) electric field.
Particle Accelerator
COLLIDER
o a type of particle accelerator involving
directed beams
oProduced by (CERN)
o used as a research tool in particle physics by
accelerating particles to high kinetic energy
and letting them impact other particles.
Particle Accelerator
TEVATRON
o a circular particle accelerator
(FERMILAB)
o it is a synchrotron that accelerates
proton and antiproton in a 6.86 km/4.26
mi, energies up to 1 TeV.
FIXED TARGET EXPERIMENT
oa charge particle (electron/proton) is accelerated
by an electric field and collides with a target.
LINEAR ACCELERATOR  uses pulses of radio
wave to push particles to high speed.
Magnet  used to around the accelerator beam
tube to determine the path of the particles travels.
THE QUARK MODEL OF MATTER
 introduced in 1963 by Murray
Gell-Mann and George Zweig
 one approach toward
understanding for classifying
the properties of hadrons.
Quarks has an electric charge that is
fraction of elementary unit of charge.
QUARK THEORY  postulated three
quarks:
Charge Strangeness
Up 2/3 0
Down -1/3 0
Strange -1/3 1
Massive quarks
Charge Strangeness
Charm 2/3 0
Top (truth) 2/3 0
Bottom (beauty) -1/3 0
The quark model asserts that
• Every baryon is composed of
three quarks (and every baryon is
composed of three antiquarks)
• Every meson is composed of a
quark and an antiquark.
BARYON DECUPLET
Q S Baryon
uuu 2 0 Δ++
uud 1 0 Δ+
udd 0 0 Δ0
ddd -1 0 Δ-
uus 1 -1 Z*+
uds 0 -1 ∑*0
dds -1 -1 ∑*-
uss 0 -2 Ξ
dss -1 -2 Ξ
sss -1 -3 Ὠ
The Baryon Decuplet
Mesons Nonet
Q S Meson
uu 0 0 π0
ud 1 0 π+
du -1 0 π-
dd 0 0 η
us 1 1 K+
ds 0 1 K0
su -1 -1 Ќ+
sd 0 -1 Ќ0
ss 0 0 ??
• QUANTUM NUMBERS  describes
the elementary particles based on
the Spin
ff. quantities
(I) Spin Hyperc Strang Baryon Charge
(I3) harge eness no.
u ½ +1/2 +1/3 0 1/3 2/3
d ½ -1/2 +1/3 0 1/3 -1/3
s 0 0 -2/3 -1 1/3 -1/3
• Strangeness of the particle  the
sum of strangeness of its component
quarks.
 a property of particles, expressed
as a quantum number, for describing
decay of particles in strong and EM
interactions which occur in a short
period of time.
 S = -(ns – ns)
where: ns – no. of strange quark
ns – no. of strange anti quark
Note: among six flavors, only
STRANGE quark has a nonzero
strangeness
• Hypercharge  defined as the sum
of baryon number and strangeness.
 Because both of these quantities
are conserved under the influence of
a strong and EM force, the
hypercharge , therefore should
always be conserved.
The ionizing effect of radiation is used in GM tube as means of detecting
radiation
The GM tube is hollow cylinder filled with a gas at low pressure. The tube has a
thin window made of mica at one end.There is a central electrode inside the
GM tube.A voltage supply is connected across the casing of the tube and the
central electrode.
When alpha, beta or gamma radiation enters the tube it produces ions in the
gas. The ions created in the gas enable the tube to conduct. The current is
produce in the tube for a short time. The current produces a voltage pulse
corresponds to one ionizing radiationentering the GM tube. The voltage is
amplified and counted.
Function by measuring ionizing radiation by using the excitation of incident
radiation on the scintillationmaterial, and detecting the resultant light pulses.
SCINTILLATOR – generates photon in response to incident radiation
PHOTOMULTIPLIER – tube which convertsthe light to electrical signal and
electronics to process this signal.
When high energy atomic radiation are incident on a surface coated with some
fluorescent materials, then flashes of light are produced.
The scintillation are detected with the help of a photomultiplier tube that gives
rise to an equivalent electric pulse.
The photon from the scintillation strikes a photocathode and emits an electron
which accelerated by a pulse and produce a voltage across the external resistance
The voltage is amplified and recorded by an electronic counter.