SEMICONDUCTORS

LECTURE 16 TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTORS P.48 LECTURE#16 First commercial transistor
First transistor 1947
First computer to use these transistors
BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS ARE SEMICONDUCTOR
DEVICES WITH 3 LEADS, CALLED THE EMITTER,
BASE AND COLLECTOR. THE TRANSISTOR IS
BASICALLY 2 P-N JUNCTIONS BUTTED UP AGAINST
EACH OTHER.
A SMALL VOTLAGE OR CURRENT AT ONE LEAD
CAN CONTROL A MUCH LARGER VOLTAGE OR
CURRENT AT THE OTHER TWO.
TRNSISITORS CAN BE USED AS AMPLIFERS OR
AS SWITCHES.

ACTS LIKE A 3 LAYER SANDWICH

YOU TUBE: HOW TRANSISTORS WORK

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZaBLiciesOU
 THIS LAYERING CAN BE PNP OR NPN

THE MIDDLE LAYER (BASE) CAN ACT AS A GATE CONTROLING THE

CURRENT THRU THE 3 LAYERS. THE BASE LAYER IS THIN AND HAS
LESS DOPING ATOMS THEN THE EMITTER AND COLLECTOR.
A SMALL BASE CURRENT WILL CAUSE A LARGER EMITTER-COLLECTOR
CURRENT TO FLOW.
INPORTANT POINTS TO REMENBER ABOUT TRANSISTOR
OPERATION.
1. THE BASE-EMITTER JUNCTION WILL NOT CONDUCT UNTIL
THE FORWARD VOLTAGE EXCEEDS 0.6VDC
2. TOO MUCH HEAT CAN DESTROY OR CAUSE A
TRANSISTOR NOT TO OPERATE CORRECTLY.
3. TOO MUCH VOLTAGE OR CURRENT WILL DESTROY THE
CHIP INSIDE THE TRANSISTOR OR CAUSE THE LEADS
ATTACHED TO IT TO MELT.

How the first transistor worked http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdYHljZi7ys

TYPES OF TRANSISTORS
YOU TUBE: MAKE PRESENTS THE TRANSISTOR http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-td7YT-Pums
HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSISTOR
WHEN THE BASE IS GROUNDED (0V)
NO CURRENT FLOWS FROM THE EMITTER TO THE COLLECTOR. IF ABOUT 0.6V IS APPILED
TO THE BASE THE TRANSISTOR IS SAID TO BE FOWARD BAISED, CURRENT WILL FLOW
FROM THE EMITTER TO THE COLLECTOR (TRANSISTOR IS ON). TRANSISTOR IS
OPERATING AS A SWITCH.

How to use transistor as switch.mp4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTQQnl1pArk

CALLED COMMON EMITTER CIRCUIT SINCE BOTH EMITTERS ARE GROUNDED
 2
N
3
0
5
5

TO-3 OPENED

2N3055 IS COMMONLY USED IN POWER SUPPLIES

YOU TUBE: Field Effect Transistors, Part 1,START AT 7:00MIN
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CLLcRRBph90
 JFET Channel Pinched-off
Bias arrangement for an N-channel JFET
 MOSFETS: METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTORS-FETS

MOSFETS ARE USED IN MICROPROCESSORS AND MEMORY CIRUITS DUE TO

THEIR EASE OF MANUFACTURE, SMALL SIZE, LOW POWER USE, AND HIGH OPERATING
SPEED. SUBJECT TO ESD DAMAGE. GENERALLY CAN’T HANDLE HIGH POWER LEVELS

n-channel metal-oxide semiconductor

 The MOSFET http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=x7OnX6e5pvc

How a CMOS Chip Works (digital camera) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEVEGVV4EHk

 (ACTS AS AN INSULATOR)

GATE HAS NO ELECTRICAL

CONTACT BETWEEN
THE SOURCE AND THE GATE

YOU TUBE: transistor/mosfet tutorial Exploding electronic components in HD

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Te5YYVZiOKs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JCPXckfT-6g
The Field Effect Transistor Family-tree
 ESD PRECAUTONS

YOU TUBE: ESD PREVENTION MEASURES

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNahnyx9OWQ
 Thyristor with voltage
Range from 400 to 1kv
Current 16A to600A
2 gates

Cathode

Anode
thyristor: n-p-n-p-n-p transistors
 DIFFERENT PACKAGE CASES FOR THYRISTORS

CCEA AS Technology and Design Unit1 - The Thyristor

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFuiqDbkAX0
This circuit detects light when light is present in a room. With no light, the photo-
transistor does not conduct. When light is present, the photo-transistor conducts and the
bell is activated. Turning off the light will not stop the alarm. The alarm is turned off via
S1.

Alarm device using a thyristor and a photo-transistor

Animation of SCR Operation

SCR
DIFFERENT PACKAGE CASES FOR SCR’S
600V,1000A SCR
SCR / Thyristor module, 6500V, 1,500A for 50us pulse (hockey puck)
A diac is a diode AC switch which acts as a
bidirectional semiconductor switch.

TRIAC IS THE SAME AS 2

REVERSE PARALLEL SCR’s
A diac is a full-wave or bi-directional semiconductor switch that can be turned on in both
forward and reverse polarities. Indeed the name diac means diode AC switch.
 Symbols and pin placements for: a - thyristor, b - triac, c - diac

THYRISTORS DIACS

K: Cathode

TRIACS
TRIAC
The diac is widely used to assist even triggering of a triac when used in AC switches. Diacs
are mainly used in dimmer applications and also in starter circuits for florescent lamps.

TRIACs are like 2 parallel SCRs

They are thus able to switch both sides of an AC sine wave
They are often switched using DIACS
They can be used to control AC loads by switch action
or the progressive trimming of the sine wave
Through the use of optical coupling they can be safely interfaced with computer control
circuits!
 A pushbutton switch controls the flow of current in a load

HOW AC DIMMER SWITCHES WORK

Current injected into the GATE controls the TRIAC

A TRIAC switch controls the current through a load

Because it can be controlled to trigger at different voltage points on the sine wave it can be used
to effectively control the RMS power delivered to the load rather just crude on / off.

It's like a switch that can turn on and off at different times on the sine wave.
 The TRIAC is a gate controlled switch.

Low voltage logic circuits are fragile and expensive they should be electrically
isolated from the high voltage TRIAC circuit using an Optocoupler module chip
RMS power and voltage to the load are controlled by trimming of the AC sine wave.
The TRIAC effectively chops the AC sine wave and reduces the amount of current
reaching the light bulb.

A TRIAC dimmer chops both the leading and trailing edge of the AC cycle.
The variable resistor sets the point on the sine wave where trimming occurs effectively dimming
or illuminating the light.
The capacitor and inductor attempt to minimize interference that is generated by the snapping
effect of the TRIAC on the sine wave like striking a bell ringing, harmonics (some RF even) are
created in the circuit that can interfere with other devices.

The TRIAC and the Light Dimmer Circuit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyQ-BM7sXy0

HARMONICS
 Filament Light Dimmer Circuit

Filament Light Dimmer Circuit

This simple triac dimmer can be used to control
PARTS LIST incandescent filament lamps up to 200W. The circuit
R1 10kΩ 0.5W
operates on the phase-control principle.
R2 100Ω 0.5W
VR1 500kΩ Potentiometer The main control is provided by VR1. This determines the
C1 330n (0.33µF) rate at which C1 charges and hence the point along the AC
C2 100n (0.1µF) waveform at which the voltage on C2 reaches the
breakdown voltage of the diac (D1), which is when the
D1 DB3 Diac
triac is triggered.
Q1 BT136 Triac
L1 Filament Light
 Typical home light dimmer uses a TRIAC

This is a real world dimmer equivalent of the circuit on the last slide
Note the inductor and the capacitor are used for phase shifting and noise filtering.

Have you ever noticed the 60 Hz ringing sound that comes from light dimmers and
sometimes the filament of incandescent lights that are dimmer controlled?
It is the result of the chopping of the sine wave feeding the light.
In a light dimmer switch, resistors rapidly shut the light circuit off and on to
reduce the total amount of energy flowing through the circuit. The switching
cycle is built around the fluctuation of alternating current (AC). AC current has
varying voltage polarity -- in a sine wave, it fluctuates from a positive voltage to
a negative voltage. To put it another way, the moving charge that makes up AC
current is constantly changing direction. In the United States, it goes through
one cycle 60 times a second. The diagram below shows this sixtieth-of-a-second
cycle
A modern dimmer switch "chops up" the sine wave. It automatically shuts the
light bulb circuit off every time the current reverses direction -- that is,
whenever there is zero voltage running through the circuit. This happens twice
per cycle, or 120 times a second. It turns the light circuit back on when the
voltage climbs back up to a certain level, as seen in the diagram below
This "turn-on value" is based on the position of the dimmer switch's knob or
slider. If the dimmer is turned to a brighter setting, it will switch on very quickly
after cutting off. The circuit is turned on for most of the cycle, so it supplies
more energy per second to the light bulb. If the dimmer is set for lower light, it
will wait until later in the cycle to turn back on.
LUX, Unit of illumination in the International System of Units (SI). One lux (Latin for “light”)
is the amount of illumination provided when one lumen is evenly distributed over an area of
one square meter.

Illuminance Example
0.002 lux Moonless clear night sky
0.2 lux Design minimum for emergency lighting (AS2293).
0.27 - 1 lux Full moon on a clear night
3.4 lux Dark limit of civil twilight under a clear sky
50 lux Family living room
80 lux Hallway/toilet
100 lux Very dark overcast day
300 - 500 lux Sunrise or sunset on a clear day. Well-lit office area.
1,000 lux Overcast day; typical TV studio lighting
10,000 - 25,000 lux Full daylight (not direct sun)
32,000 - 130,000 lux Direct sunlight
Aka: Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)
TISHITU LDR (Light Dependent Resistance) with 555 Timer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PecciHMth4g
Stove top burner LDR detector
 STOVE TOP BURNER LDR DETECTOR

DETECTS SPECIFIC FREQUENCY OF LIGHT(FROM BURNING GAS) IF NOT PRESENT,GAS IS SHUT 0FF
Online Tutorial On Types Of Transducers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7_OgrlynRI
PHOTOTRANSISTOR USED TO DETECT THE SPEED OF A ROTATING DISC
 Website for this image
hackedgadget.tistory.com
A Simple and Cheap Dark-Detecting LED Circuit

LTR-4206E phototransistor
 4N35 - Optocoupler Phototransistor

Phototriacs for Consumer Applications Webinar http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXvyNSzhWlw

Voltage regulator tutorial & USB gadget charger circuit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSzVs7_aW-Y