SAMPLING

Population:
a set which includes all
measurements of interest
to the researcher
(The collection of all
responses, measurements,
or counts that are of interest)

Sample:
A subset of the population
 WHY SAMPLING?
Get information about large populations
 Less costs
 Less field time
 More accuracy i.e. Can Do A Better Job of Data
Collection
 When it’s impossible to study the whole population
Target Population:
The population to be studied/ to which the
investigator wants to generalize his results
Sampling Unit:
smallest unit from which sample can be selected
Sampling frame
List of all the sampling units from which sample is
drawn
Sampling scheme
Method of selecting sampling units from sampling
frame
FACTOR INFLUENCING THE DECISION TO
SAMPLE SIZE
 Size of the population

 Cost involved

 Convenience and accessibility of the element

 TYPES OF SAMPLING

• Probability Sampling
 Probability sampling is a sampling technique
wherein the samples are gathered in a process
that gives all the individuals in the population
equal chances of being selected.
• Non-Probability Sampling
 Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique
where the samples are gathered in a process that
does not give all the individuals in the population
equal chances of being selected.
 Probability sampling methods

1. Simple random sampling

Simple random sampling is the basic sampling technique
where we select a group of subjects for study from a larger
group. Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and
each member of the population has an equal chance of
being included in the sample.

Simple random sampling methods uses following techniques

 The lottery method
 The use of table of random numbers
 Use of computer
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
 Each equal chance –include in sample
 Drawn –randomly/hat/number.
 Types
 Sampling with replacement
 Sampling without replacement
 Merits
 Representative
 Easiest simplest
 Need not know true composition of the population
beforehand
 It act as conjunction with
 Sampling error can be easily assessed
 No classification error.
 Demerits
 Traits not sure drawing
Simple random sampling
2. Stratified random sampling
Stratified random sampling is a method
of sampling that involves the division of a
population into smaller groups known as strata.
In stratified random sampling, the strata are
formed based on members' shared attributes or
characteristics.
PROPORTIONATE STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING
 Using same sampling for all strata ensures
proportionate representation in the sample.
 Merits
 Representativeness
 Sampling error minimized(necessary characteristic of
population)
 Demerits
 Difficult method (know composition of population-
unrealistic)
 Time consuming
 Classification error
DISPROPORTIONATE STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLE
 substrata of the drawn sample are not necessarily
distributed according to their proportionate –
population
 He will give greater representative to some substrata
 Merits
 Less time consuming
 Need not give Weight to particular
 Demerits
 Over representation of one strata-not true representative
 Cant use in composition of population not known
 Classification error
4. Cluster sampling
Cluster sampling is a sampling technique used when
"natural" but relatively heterogeneous groupings are
evident in a statistical population. It is often used in
marketing research. In this technique, the total
population is divided into these groups and a simple
random sample of the groups is selected.

5. Area sampling
A method in which an area to be sampled is sub-divided
into smaller blocks that are then selected at random and
then again sub-sampled or fully surveyed. This method is
typically used when a complete frame of reference is not
available to be used.
AREA (CLUSTER )
 Used in survey & field research.
 Generally geographical division, territory, community,
neighborhood, cities, are made on a map and certain
no are randomly selected.
 Similar to stratified sampling but the groups are
selected for their geographical location. /2 stage
 Merits
 Larger geographical areas.
 Respondents can be substituted for other
 Saves time money
 Flexibility
 Demerits
 Sampling error high
 Little control over size of each cluster
 Subject in one cluster can shift to other cluster
 CLUSTER SAMPLING
Section 1 Section 2

Section 3

Section 5

Section 4
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 No basis for estimating how closely the
characteristics of a sample approximate the
parameters of the population from which the
sample had been obtained.
 Quota
 Accidental
 Judgmental or purposive
 Systematic
 Snowball
 Saturation
 Dense
QUOTA
 Identify different strata of population n selects.
similar to stratified sampling, popular
 Selects SES his convenience. 2 stage
 Merits
 Satisfactory-quick & crude results desired
 less costly
 Demerits
 No randomness lacks external validity, generalization
 Selects readily accessible individuals –friends relative
 Classification error
PURPOSIVE OR JUDGMENTAL
 Based on the typicality of the cases to be included in
sample.
 Researcher on the basis of his impression makes
judgment while selecting cases.
 Which are thought of typical of the population.
 Merits
 Readily accessible
 Very convenient
 Guarantees those individuals will be included in the
sample that are relevant t the research design
 Demerits
 Not true representative
 Subjectivity in sampling
 Inferential statistic cant be used.
SYSTEMATIC
 Drawing or selecting every nth person from a
predetermined list of individuals.
 Merits
 Quick
 Check any error in selection
 Simple method
 Demerits
 It ignores all persons between every nth element
Not probability sampling
 Sampling error increases if list arranged in
particular order. (increasing or decreasing order)
SNOWBALL
 Used to study hidden population not easily
identifiable, drug addicts
 Merits
 Socio-metric sampling technique very useful in
studying informal groups
 Reveals communication pattern

 Demerits
 Difficult
when N is large 100 more
 Cant use probability statistic / subjective choice
SATURATION SAMPLING
 Used less frequently
 Saturation-Drawing all individuals having
characteristics of interest to the investigator.
(physician at least 45 age )

 Demerits
N exceeds 1000 difficult to use this method.
DENSE SAMPLING

 Dense –lies between simple random and

saturation sampling. 50% or more from the
population and takes a majority of individuals
having specific traits ( 500-600 students from
1000 )

 Demerits
N exceeds 1000 difficult to use this method.
ACCIDENTAL OR INCIDENTAL
 He doesn’t care about including people with some
specific traits rather he is mainly guided by
convenience .
 Merits
 Convenient
 Save time money

 Demerits
 No representative sample
 Research bias, prejudice
 Sampling error high
DOUBLE SAMPLING

 Drawing sample of individuals from another

sample of them.
 Randomly sample of 1000 from 10000

 From 1000-randomly draws a sample of 300.

 Demerits
 Too much time.
ADVANTAGES

 Accuracy is increased
 Reduced cost

 Speed is increased

 Organized

 Intensive and exhaustive date

 DISADVANTAGES

 chances of bias

 Difficult to choose representative data

 Impossibility of sampling

 Deriving sampling unit may be difficult