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PROTEINS
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 PROTEINS
 Have multiple functions:
 Antibodies (part of immune system)
 Enzymes (biological catalysts)
 Transport of materials

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 Building Materials (muscles)

 Proteins are obtained from food

 High in Protein = meat, fish, milk, eggs, cheese, & nuts

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TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS

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PROTEIN STRUCTURE
 Proteins are polymers of amino acids

 A protein is made of between 300 and 4000 amino

acids

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 Amino Acids
 20 different amino acids
 8 are essential & must be obtained from diet

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AMINO ACID STRUCTURE
 Contain the elements, C, H, O & Nitrogen

 Basic Structure
 3 parts: amino group, carboxyl group, R-group

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 R-group gives each amino acid with its unique properties

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
(MAKING PROTEIN)
 Amino Acids are linked to make polypeptides

 Polypeptides come together to make protein

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 Peptide Bonds
 Bonds which link amino acids together
 Formed by a dehydration synthesis

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PROTEIN STRUCTURE
 Rule: “Structure = Function”
 Physical structure of a protein determines how it works

 Protein Structure has 4 levels of organization

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1. Primary
(structure of amino acids)

2. Secondary
(helix)

3. Tertiary
(secondary structure folds)

4. Quaternary
(two or more polypeptide chains)

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ENZYMES
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PROTEIN STRUCTURE
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PROTEIN STRUCTURE
DENATURATION

 When a protein loses its shape due

to environmental factors

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 Can be caused by:
 Heating above40°C
 Change in pH (acidity)
 Other ways: chemicals or
mechanical action

 Coagulation is “permanent”
denaturation

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

 Protein synthesis is the process in which

information from DNA is used to make
protein

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 Involves two basic process:

 TRANSCRIPTION – DNA is copied into mRNA

 TRANSLATION – information from mRNA is

translated into protein
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TRANSCRIPTION

 Takes place inside the

nucleolus of a cell

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 DNA serves as a
template for the
making of messenger
RNA (mRNA)

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TRANSCRIPTION
 RNA Polymerase unwinds DNA
 Process begins at promoter region
 RNA by complimenting bases of DNA

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 Process ends at terminator region

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MESSENGER RNA
 TRANSLATION
 The process in which the
mRNA is read and a
protein is made

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 Structures involved:
 mRNA – carries
genetic information
 Ribosome – reads
mRNA and assemble
amino acids
 tRNA – carries amino
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TRANSLATION
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS – EUKARYOTES VS.
PROKARYOTES

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TRANSLATION
 Steps:

 Messenger RNA is
read by ribosome

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 Transfer RNA carry
amino acids which
are put together for
every codon

 Amino acids
eventually form a
peptide
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TRANSLATION
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS – THE ENTIRE
PROCESS

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -
ENDOMEMBRANE

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