ESP:EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION GROUP:B 8 MEMBERS: DILIP N NITHIN SUNNY RAJI MANUEL RIJU PAUL ROHITHA TINU THOMAS
SOP OWNER:ARCHANA THULASIDARAN
ESP-INTRODUCTION ESP is most commonly called the "sixth sense." It is sensory information that an individual receives which comes beyond the ordinary five senses sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. It can provide the individual with information of the present, past, and future; as it seems to originate in a second, or alternate reality. ESP IN DETAIL • Extrasensory perception (ESP), involves reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses but sensed with the mind. • The term was coined by Sir Richard Burton, and adopted by Duke University psychologist J. B. Rhine • To denote psychic abilities such as telepathy and clairvoyance, and their trans-temporal operation as precognition or retrocognition. ESP IN GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF ESP • TELEPATHY- mind to mind communications. • CLAIRVOYANCE- seeing things beyond our vision. • PRECOGNITION- knowledge of something in advance of its occurrence • CLAIRAUDIENCE- the ability to hear things which is beyond the range of our hearing power such as voices from the dead, or voices from the heaven. • RETRO COGNITION-the knowledge of something after it occurred from distance without prior knowledge. • REMOTE VIEWING- the ability to perceive places, persons, and actions which are not in the range of our normal senses. • TELEKINESIS-the ability to move physical objects by the mind, and without touching them. HISTORY OF ESP • The term "ESP" was used in 1870 by Sir Richard Burton. • A French researcher, Dr. Paul Joire, in 1892 used the term ESP to describe the ability of person who had been hypnotized. • In the 1920's a Munich ophthalmologist, Dr. Rudolph Tischner, used ESP in describing the "externalization of sensibility.“ • In 1930s the American parapsychologist J. B. Rhine popularized the term to include psychic phenomena similar to sensory functions. • Rhine was among the first parapsychologists to test ESP phenomena in the laboratory. • In 1933 Dr. Gaither Pratt and Hubert Pearce suggests that these phenomena work below the limits of consciousness. • In 1940, a series of studies made by B.K. Kanthamani and K. Ramakrishna Rao on high school students in India to find personality traits associated with ESP. • They found out that all those who claim to possess ESP are warm, sociable, good natured, easy going, assertive, tough, enthusiastic, talkative, cheerful, quick, alert, adventuresome, emotional, realistic, practical, composed, and relaxed. J.B Rhine experiments • The first card-guessing ESP experiments were conducted by Rhine at Duke University in 1930. • The cards consisted of five designs, now called ESP symbols, a square, a circle, a plus sign, a five pointed star, and a set of three wavy lines. The symbols were printed singly, in black ink, on cards resembling playing cards. • In the classic Rhine experiments on ESP, the subject tries to guess or "call" the order of the five symbols when they are randomly arranged in a deck of 25 ESP cards. • The likelihood of calling a card correctly by chance is one in five. • Therefore, it is possible to calculate how often a particular score is likely to occur by chance in a given number of calls. • Rhine'' argument that when his subjects made high scores that could be expected by chance only once in a thousand tries, or once in a million, they displayed "extrachance" results, or ESP. FINDINGS • While some label it "missing-ESP" it might be thought of as reverse-ESP too. It is found among subject who dislike ESP. • Even though the subjects were consciously trying to achieve good scores, they scored lower than chance. • An unconscious factor seemed to come into play here. • Experimenters have found they can predict higher scores for some groups (for example, those who are interested and relaxed), and lower scores for other groups (those who show fear, negativity, or boredom). • The factor of missing-ESP indicates why ESP data is unreliable CRITICISMS • The statistics were unsound which was refuted by the president of the American Mathematical Association. • That ESP is physical impossibility which begs the question. • Only favourable results are published • Results are inconsistent and not repeatable PARAPSYCHOLOGY AND ESP • Parapsychology is a discipline that seeks to investigate the existence and causes of psychic abilities, near-death experiences, and life after death using the scientific method. • Parapsychological experiments have included the use of random number generators to test for evidence of precognition and psychokinesis with both human and animal subjects and Ganzfeld experiments to test for extrasensory perception.