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Chapter
5
Data Resource Management
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
5-4
Case 1: Sharing Business Databases
5-5
Case 1: Sharing Business Databases
5-6
Case 1: Sharing Business Databases
5-7
Case Study Questions
5-8
Case Study Questions
5-9
Logical Data Elements
5-10
Logical Data Elements
• Character
• A single alphabetic, numeric, or other symbol
• Field or data item
• Represents an attribute (characteristic or quality)
of some entity (object, person, place, event)
• Examples: salary, job title
• Record
• Grouping of all the fields used to describe the
attributes of an entity
• Example: payroll record with name, SSN, pay rate
5-11
Logical Data Elements
• File or table
• A group of related records
• Database
• An integrated collection of logically related
data elements
5-12
Electric Utility Database
5-13
Database Structures
5-14
Hierarchical Structure
5-15
Network Structure
5-16
Relational Structure
• Select
• Create a subset of records that meet a stated
criterion
• Example: employees earning more than $30,000
• Join
• Combine two or more tables temporarily
• Looks like one big table
• Project
• Create a subset of columns in a table
5-18
Multidimensional Structure
5-19
Multidimensional Model
5-20
Object-Oriented Structure
• An object consists of
• Data values describing the attributes of an entity
• Operations that can be performed on the data
• Encapsulation
• Combine data and operations
• Inheritance
• New objects can be created by replicating some
or all of the characteristics of parent objects
5-21
Object-Oriented Structure
Source: Adapted from Ivar Jacobsen, Maria Ericsson, and Ageneta Jacobsen, The Object Advantage: Business Process
Reengineering with Object Technology (New York: ACM Press, 1995), p. 65.
Copyright @ 1995, Association for Computing Machinery. By permission.
5-22
Object-Oriented Structure
5-23
Evaluation of Database Structures
• Hierarchical
• Works for structured, routine transactions
• Can’t handle many-to-many relationship
• Network
• More flexible than hierarchical
• Unable to handle ad hoc requests
• Relational
• Easily responds to ad hoc requests
• Easier to work with and maintain
• Not as efficient/quick as hierarchical or network
5-24
Database Development
5-25
Data Dictionary
• A data dictionary
• Contains data about data (metadata)
• Relies on specialized software component to
manage a database of data definitions
• It contains information on..
• The names and descriptions of all types of data
records and their interrelationships
• Requirements for end users’ access and use of
application programs
• Database maintenance
• Security
5-26
Database Development
5-27
Data Planning Process
5-28
Entity Relationship Diagram
5-29
Database Design Process
5-30
Database Design Process
• Logical Design
• Schema - overall logical view of relationships
• Subschema - logical view for specific end users
• Data models for DBMS
• Physical Design
• How data are to be physically stored and
accessed on storage devices
5-31
Logical and Physical Database Views
5-32
Data Resource Management
5-33
Case 2: Emerson & Sanofi, Data Stewards
• Data stewards
• Dedicated to establishing and maintaining the
quality of data
• Need business, technology, and diplomatic skills
• Focus on data content
5-34
Case Study Questions
5-35
Types of Databases
5-36
Operational Databases
5-37
Distributed Databases
5-38
Distributed Databases
• Replication
• Look at each distributed database and find
changes
• Apply changes to each distributed database
• Very complex
• Duplication
• One database is master
• Duplicate the master after hours, in all locations
• Easier to accomplish
5-39
External Databases
5-40
Hypermedia Databases
5-41
Components of Web-Based System
5-42
Data Warehouses
5-43
Data Warehouse Components
5-44
Applications and Data Marts
5-45
Data Mining
5-46
Traditional File Processing
5-47
Traditional File Processing
5-48
Database Management Approach
5-49
Database Management Approach
5-50
Database Management System
5-51
Common DBMS Software Components
• Database definition
• Language and graphical tools to define entities,
relationships, integrity constraints, and
authorization rights
• Nonprocedural access
• Language and graphical tools to access data
without complicated coding
• Application development
• Graphical tools to develop menus, data entry
forms, and reports
5-52
Common DBMS Software Components
5-53
Database Management System
• Database Development
• Defining and organizing the content,
relationships, and structure of the data needed
to build a database
• Database Application Development
• Using DBMS to create prototypes of queries,
forms, reports, Web pages
• Database Maintenance
• Using transaction processing systems and other
tools to add, delete, update, and correct data
5-54
DBMS Major Functions
5-55
Database Interrogation
5-56
Database Interrogation
• SQL Queries
• Structured, international standard query language
found in many DBMS packages
• Query form is SELECT…FROM…WHERE…
5-57
Database Interrogation
• Boolean Logic
• Developed by George Boole in the mid-1800s
• Used to refine searches to specific information
• Has three logical operators: AND, OR, NOT
• Example
• Cats OR felines AND NOT dogs OR Broadway
5-58
Database Interrogation
5-59
Graphical Query Wizard
5-60
Database Maintenance
5-61
Application Development
5-62
Case 3: Acxiom Corp. Data
5-63
Case 3: Acxiom Corp. Data
5-64
Case Study Questions
5-65
Case 4: Protecting the Data Jewels
5-66
Case 4: Protecting the Data Jewels
• Protection methods
• Nondisclosure, non-compete, and nonsolicitation
agreements that specify customer lists
• Trade-secret laws and legal action
• Limiting access to sensitive information
• Physical security
• Strong password protection
• Reinforcement of signed agreements during
exit interviews
• Monitoring electronic communication
5-67
Case Study Questions
5-68