Chapter -3

The Disaster Management

Cycles and Models
The Disaster Management
Cycle
Response
Actions taken
immediately
following the impact
of a disaster when
exceptional
measures are
required to meet the
basic needs of the
survivors
Relief
Measures that are
required in search and
rescue of survivors, as
well as to meet the
basic needs for
shelter, water, food
and health care
Rehabilitation
Actions taken in
the
aftermath of a
disaster to:
• assist victims to
repair their
Dwellings;
• re-establish
essential services;
• revive key
economic
and social activities
Reconstruction
Permanent
measures to repair
or replace damaged
dwellings and
infrastructure and to
set the economy
back on course
Development
Sustained
efforts intended
to improve or
maintain the
social and
economic
well-being of a
community
Mitigation
Measures taken prior
to the impact of a
disaster to minimize
its effects
(sometimes referred
to as structural and
non-structural
measures)
Preparedness
Measures taken in
anticipation of a disaster
to ensure that
appropriate and effective
actions are taken in the
aftermath
Prevention
Measures taken to
avert a disaster
from occurring, if
possible (to
impede a hazard
so that it does not
have any harmful
effects)
Disaster Risk Management
A broad range of
activities
designed to:
Prevent the loss of
lives
• Minimize human
suffering
• Inform the public
and
authorities of risk
• Minimize
property damage
and economic loss
• Speed up the
recovery
process
Disaster management can be
defined as the effective
organization, direction and
utilization of available counter-disaster
resources
• The contemporary view is that
there must be pre-disaster
mitigation measures to avoid or
reduce impact of disasters.
• Application of Pro-active
measures to prevent or mitigate or
prepare for potential events of
disasters are called Risk
Management
The concept of DRM
accepts that
some hazard events
may occur
But tries to lessen the
impact by
improving the
community’s ability
to absorb the
impact with
minimum damage
or destruction
DRM Measures can
• Reduce vulnerabilities
in the community
• When sustained over
long term, reduce
unacceptable risk to
acceptable levels and
make
a community become
disaster
resistant/resilient
DRM refers to a range
of
• Policies
• Legislative mandates
• Professional practices
• Social, structural and
nonstructural
adjustments
• Risk transfer
mechanisms

to prevent, reduce or
minimise the
effects of hazards on a
community
Having in place Policy, Legal
and Institutional Arrangements
 Bangladesh: Establishment of Comprehensive
Disaster Management Programme (CDMP)
 Indonesia: Strengthening institutional capacity
of BAKORNAS PBP
 India: Establishment of National Disaster
Management Act and National Disaster, Management
Authority, 2005
 Sri Lanka: Preparation of Road Map for, Disaster
Management 2005
 Thailand: Establishment of a NEW Department of
Disaster Mitigation and Prevention (DDPM)
Range of Risk Management
Measures Structural Measures
• Engineering measures (keep
hazard away
from people)
• Landuse planning & management
measures
(keep people away from hazard)
• Control & protection works
(modifying the
hazard)
• Early warning (predicting hazard)
• Preparedness Planning (prepare in
anticipation of a hazard event
• Reconstruction planning after a
disaster
with the aim of reducing the
vulnerability
• Mainstreaming risk management
in
development practice &
institutionalization
  Non-structural Measures
•Legislative: Land-Use and Risk Management Measures, National/State Legislation
• National Action Plan for Risk and Disaster Management, Land-Use Plans
• Specific Programs for Hazard Reduction
• Coastal Development Management
• Floodplain Management
• Acquisition of Property
• Landslide Planning: Landslide losses reduction through Hazard Mapping, Land-Use
Management, and Building and Grading Controls
• Agricultural Mitigation Plan
 Non-structural Measures (contd..)

Risk Transfer Measures

• Insurance
• Subsidies
•Incentives
•Loans
•Tax Policies
Education,Training and Technology
Transfer
• Education and Awareness:
Information - sharing strategies,
public agencies at all levels provide
information on the nature
of natural hazards and the actions
that can be taken to
minimize their effects.
• Training and Technology Transfer
Institution Building, Institutional
Strengthening
Development and operation of Multi-
Hazard Early Warning Systems
Disaster Risk Management – What
and Who? Disaster risk management includes
administrative decisions
and operational activities that involve:
- Prevention
- Mitigation
- Preparedness
- Response
- Recovery and
- Rehabilitation
•Disaster risk management involves
all levels of government –
decision makers and local government
•Non-governmental and
community-based organizations
play a vital role in the process
•Communities themselves are first
responders
DRM Models
Traditional model - DM cycle
The traditional
approach to disaster
management has been to
regard it as a number of
phased sequences of
action
•This can be represented
as a cycle
DRM Framework
 Expand-Contract Model
 DM is considered as continuous process
 The activities that run parallel to each
other rather than as a sequence
Crunch Model (Blaikie et al 1994)

 Shows that a disaster happens only if a

hazard meets a vulnerable situation
 Based on idea that a number of factors
influence vulnerability to disaster
Future Challenges

-Increasing urbanization by 2020, 70% of world

population will live in cities

-More rural population migrating into urban areas

seeking economic opportunities

-Growth of human settlements expanding into

hazards-prone area

-Global impacts such as climate change and sea

level rise for island coastal countries.
References: