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Design of Traffic Facilities

Intersections
Unsignalized Intersection
Signalized Intersection
Intersections

• A junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross.


Types of Intersections

• Three-way junction
• T-intersection
• Y-Intersection
• Cross-roads
• Roundabouts
Intersections and Crossings

• Arterial Roads
• Local Roads
• Rail Crossings
• Pedestrian and Cyclist Crossing
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THREE-WAY JUNCTION
CROSS-ROADS
Design of Road Intersection Traffic Facilities

• Safety

• Avoidance of potential collisions


• Minimize the risk of fatal or serious injury
• Philippine Road Safety Action Plan (PRSAP) 2011-2020
Design of Road Intersection Traffic Facilities

• Speed

• particularly relevant to local roads and streets


Design of Road Intersection Traffic Facilities

• a large proportion of road crashes occur at intersections


• the capacity of road systems is often determined by the capacity of its
intersections
• conflict between different types of road or rail users often occurs at
intersections/crossings
Intersection Traffic Facilities

• Traffic Signals
• Guide Posts and Reflectors
• Road Markings
• Advisory / Warning Signs
Intersection Traffic Facilities

• Regulatory Signs
• Information / Guide Signs
• Safety Barriers
• Adequate facilities for all road users
• Adequate warning of the presence of
intersection
• Adequate sight distance between conflicting
road / rail users
• Minimize conflict points
Unsignalized Intersections

• is defined as any at-grade junction of two or more public roads at which the
right-of-way for motorists, bicyclists, and pedestrians is not controlled by a
highway traffic signal
Unsignalized Intersections

• Uncontrolled
• YIELD Sign-controlled
• STOP Sign-controlled
Uncontrolled Intersection

• is one in which the entrance into the intersection from any of the
approaches is not controlled by a regulatory (i.e., STOP or YIELD) sign or a
traffic signal
• usually limited to very low-volume roads in rural or residential areas
YIELD Sign-Controlled Intersection

• entrance into the intersection from one or more of the approaches is


controlled by a YIELD sign
• drivers on each approach controlled by a YIELD sign are required to reduce
their speed to concede the right-of-way to vehicles and non-motorists in the
intersection; therefore, adequate sight distance must be present so the
driver approaching the YIELD sign can stop if necessary
YIELD Sign-Controlled Intersection

• YIELD signs are usually placed to control the minor road, and they are often
installed at ramp intersections or Y-intersections. Circular intersections—
specifically, roundabouts and mini-roundabouts—represent the only
intersections at which YIELD signs are installed on all approaches, as
vehicles within the circular roadway always have the right-of-way.
STOP Sign Controlled Intersection

• Entrance into these intersections from one or more approaches is controlled


by a STOP sign.
STOP Sign Controlled Intersection
• Minor-road-only stop control—at intersections having at least one
approach (typically, the lower-volume, minor road) under the
control of a STOP sign and at least one approach not controlled
by a STOP sign; and
• Multi-way stop control—at intersections where all approaches are
controlled by a STOP sign and an ALL WAY supplemental plaque
is used. For this application, the right-of-way is determined by
the order in which users reach the intersection; if two vehicles
arrive at the intersection at nearly the same time, then the
vehicle on the right has the right-of-way.
Signalized Intersection
• Traffic Signals

• Optimization of travel delay


• Reduction of crash frequency and/or severity
• Prioritization of specific roadway user type or movement
• Accommodation of a new intersection approach

• Undivided roads, cross-section, multi-leg intersections


Traffic Signals

• designed to allow for the safe and efficient passage of road users

• pre-timed,
• semi-actuated,
• fully-actuated,
• hybrid
• adaptive, or traffic responsive.
Traffic Signal Factors

• Detection
• Traffic Signal Controller
• Signal heads
Signalized Intersections

• Signalizing an intersection can eliminate barriers to pedestrians created by


arterials bisecting adjacent neighborhoods.
• Signals can attract drivers away from unintended by-pass routes that were
previously used to avoid busy unsignalized intersections.
• Signals can reduce, but not eliminate, right angle crashes.
• Signals can significantly increase rear end crashes.
Horizontal and Vertical Alignment

• Approach grades to an intersection of greater than 3 percent.


• Intersections located along a horizontal curve of the intersecting road.
• Intersection tables (including sidewalks) with a cross slope exceeding 2
percent.
Designing Signalized Intersections

• Traffic signal control types


• Traffic signal phasing
• Vehicle and pedestrian detection
• Traffic signal pole layout
Designing Signalized Intersections

• Traffic signal controllers


• Basic signal timing parameters
• Signing and pavement marking
• Illumination
Traffic Signal Phasing

• a signal phase as the right-of-way, yellow change, and red clearance


intervals in a cycle that are assigned to an independent traffic movement or
combination of traffic movement
• is the sequence of individual signal phases or combinations of signal phases
within a cycle that define the order in which various pedestrian and
vehicular movements are assigned the right-of-way.
Traffic Signal Phasing

• “Permissive-Only” Left Turn Phasing


• “Protected-Only” Left Turn Phasing
• Protected-Permissive Left Turn Phasing
• Split Phasing
• Prohibited Left Turn Movements
• Right Turn Phasing
Permissive-Only Phasing
Protected Only Left Turn Phasing
Protected-Permissive Operation
Split Phasing

• consists of having two opposing approaches timed consecutively rather


than concurrently
• Split phasing can be implemented in a variety of ways, depending on signal
controller capabilities and how pedestrian movements are treated
Prohibited Left Turn Movements

• Prohibiting left-turn movements at the intersection is an alternative to


providing a left-turn phase
• left-turning drivers must divert to another facility or turn in advance of or
beyond the intersection via a geometric treatment such as a jug handle or a
downstream median U-turn
Right Turning Phasing

• Practitioners may control right-turn phasing in a permissive or protected


manner with different configurations depending on the presence of
pedestrians and the lane configurations at the intersections
Vehicle and Pedestrian Displays
Traffic Signal Pole Layout

• Mast arms.
• Span-wire configurations. Box span-wire design is preferred to diagonal
design for new installation.
• Pedestal or post-mounted signal displays.
Traffic Signal Pole Layout

• Pedestrian walkway and ramp locations.


• Pedestrian pushbutton locations, unless separate pushbutton pedestals are
provided.
• Clearance from the travel way.
Traffic Signal Pole Layout

• Available right-of-way and/or public easements.


• Overhead utility conflicts, as most power utilities require at least 10 ft
clearance to power lines.
• Underground utilities, as most underground utilities
TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROLLER AND
CABINET

• The traffic controller is the brain of the intersection.


• It should not interfere with sight lines for pedestrians or right-turning vehicles.
• It should be in a location less likely to be struck by an errant vehicle and not impeding
pedestrian circulation, including wheelchairs and other devices that assist mobility.
TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROLLER AND
CABINET

• A technician at the cabinet should be able to see the signal indications for
two approaches while standing at the cabinet.
• The cabinet should be located near the power source.
• The cabinet location should afford ready access by operations and
maintenance personnel, including consideration for where personnel would
park their vehicle.
Vehicle Timing
Vehicle Timing

• Red Clearance for CP > 5 seconds


• Yellow Clearance interval to 3 to 6 seconds PROVIDED red
clearance < 6 seconds
• Note that because high-volume signalized intersections tend to
be large and frequently on higher speed facilities, their clearance
intervals are typically on the high end of the range.
• These longer clearance intervals increase loss time at the
intersection and thus reduce capacity.
Pedestrian Timing

• 7 seconds minimum for WALK


SIGNING AND PAVEMENT MARKING DESIGN

• Advance notice of the intersection.


• Directional route guidance.
• Lane use control, including indications of permissive or prohibited turning
movements.
SIGNING AND PAVEMENT MARKING DESIGN

• Regulatory control of channelized right turn movements (e.g., through the


use of YIELD signs).
• Delineation and warning of pedestrian crossing locations.
• Delineation and warning of bicycle lane locations
ILLUMINATION DESIGN

• the principal purpose of roadway lighting is to produce quick, accurate, and


comfortable visibility at night
• Reduction in night accidents, attendant human misery, and economic loss.
• Aid to police protection and enhanced sense of personal security.
• Facilitation of traffic flow.
• Promotion of business and the use of public facilities during the night hours

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