PHILIPPINE

LITERATURE DURING
JAPANESE PERIOD
LITERARY
CHARACTERISTICS
•Filipino literature is given a break during
this period since the Japanese prefer the
use of vernacular rather than English

•Liwayway, as a non-political magazine,

was allowed to continue its publication
LITERARY
CHARACTERISTICS
•Filipino drama experienced a lull during this
period because movie houses showing
American films were closed

•Niphonggo was introduced

JAPANESE WORDS
Ikebana
• art of arranging
flowers
JAPANESE WORDS
Origami
• art of folding
papers
JAPANESE WORDS
Tempura and Sushi
• Japanese cuisine
FILIPINO DRAMA
Jose Ma. Hernadez
•wrote “Panday Pira”

Francisco Soc Rodrigo

•wrote “Sa Pula, Sa Puti”
FILIPINO DRAMA
Clodualdo del Mundo
•wrote “Bulaga”

Juan Cruz Balmaceda

•wrote “Sino Ba Kayo?”, “Dahil sa Anak”, and
“Higante ng Patay”
FILIPINO POETRY
HAIKU
• short descriptive poem about nature
• consists of 17 syllables (5-7-5)
FILIPINO POETRY
EXAMPLES OF HAIKU

An old silent pond...

A frog jumps into the pond,
splash! Silence again.
FILIPINO POETRY
EXAMPLES OF HAIKU

Light of the moon

Moves west, flowers' shadows
Creep eastward.
FILIPINO POETRY
TANKA
• 31 syllable poem
• traditionally written in a single unbroken line
• is better known in its five-line, 5-7-5-7-7
syllable count form
FILIPINO POETRY
EXAMPLES OF TANKA
Beautiful mountains
Rivers with cold, cold water.
White cold snow on rocks
Trees over the place with frost
White sparkly snow everywhere.
 PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE DURING
CONTEMPORARY
PERIOD
LITERARY
CHARACTERISTICS
•(‘50s – ’80s) writers explore other themes such
as generation gap, working moms, national
identity, etc.

•The use of slang is legitimatized; writers avoid

theatrical and rhetorical language
LITERARY
CHARACTERISTICS
•Acceptance of the use of Filipinized foreign
words (anderpas, istambay, plastik)

The martial law years gave birth to social and

political unrests masked in literature (theatre,
fiction and poetry)
LITERARY
CHARACTERISTICS
•Most writings that are antagonistic and hostile
towards government were discretely
disseminated

•(’80s – ’90s) brings about different schools of

writing theory and styles
LITERARY
CHARACTERISTICS
•Gay literature and feminist writings emerged

•Creative writing centers with writers-in-

residence were established in universities and
other learning institutions
LITERARY
CHARACTERISTICS
•Creative writing became a part of the school
curriculum

•Writers’ associations sponsored regular

writing workshops/symposia for its members
and other inspiring writers
LITERARY
CHARACTERISTICS
•Writings in regional languages/dialects, their
retrieval and recuperation were encouraged

•Publishers were more adventurous and

willing to gamble on “non-traditional”
projects; encourages novel writings
LITERARY
CHARACTERISTICS
•Rise of commercial publishing firms

•Annual competition given by award-giving

bodies motivated writers to keep on producing
quality written work (Palanca Awards, Manila
Critics Circle, NCCA, etc.)
LITERARY
CHARACTERISTICS
•Under the period of Martial Law
(Proclamation 1081)

•All the publications, radio and TV stations

were ordered to close until given a permit to
operate.
LITERARY
CHARACTERISTICS
•The birth of alternative press which the
government called the “mosquito press”

•Restoration of Democracy (EDSA 1) Corazon

Aquino
LITERARY
CHARACTERISTICS
•The greatest legacy is the restoration of peace,
democracy, freedom and justice in the
Philippines
NICK
JOAQUIN
NICK JOAQUIN
• the most distinguished Filipino
writer in English writing; known
as Quijano de Manila
NICK JOAQUIN
• he has written plays, novels,
poems, short stories, essays and
biography whose works present
the diverse heritage of the Filipino
people
NICK JOAQUIN
AWARDS:
•Republic Cultural Heritage Award (1961);
• first prize, Philippines Free Press Short Story
Contest (1949);
• first prize, Palance Memorial Award (1957-58);
• Jose Garcia Villa's honor roll (1940);
• and the National Artist Award (1976)
NICK JOAQUIN
his works include:
• The Woman Who Had Two Navels
• Ballad of the Five Battles
• The Summer Solstice
• The House on Zapote Tree
MARJORI
E EVASCO
MARJORIE EVASCO
• her famous are Dreamweavers,
Sampaguita Song, Caravan of the
Waterbearers
N.V.M.
GONZAL
ES
N.V.M.
GONZALES
• Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales

•Filipino novelist, short story writer,

essayist ans poet
N.V.M.
GONZALES
• distinctively wrote of the Filipino life and of
the Filipino in the world

• his famous works are Work on the Mountain,

Bread of Salt, The Bamboo Dancers, Children
of the Ash Covered Loam, A Season of Grace,
etc.
ISAGANI
CRUZ
ISAGANI CRUZ
• writes novels, plays, essays,
biographies, corporate histories,
and short stories in Filipino and
English
ISAGANI CRUZ
•he has won numerous national and
international awards, including the Carlos
Palanca Memorial Awards in Literature
Hall of Fame, the Southeast Asian Writers
(SEAWRITE) Award, and the 2010
Outstanding Filipino Award (TOFIL
ISAGANI CRUZ
• his works include The Praying Man,
The Lovely Bienvenido Santos
BIENVENID
O
LUMBRERA
BIENVENIDO
LUMBRERA
• he published his first stories and
poems in 1953, the year before he
graduated from the University of
Santo Tomas
BIENVENIDO
LUMBRERA
• wrote and lectured prolifically on
literature, language, drama, and film.
He composed librettos for new
musical dramas such as Rama Hari
and Bayani
BIENVENIDO
LUMBRERA
• he has a poetry collection entitled
Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa (1993),
and Balaybay: Mga Tulang Lunot at
Manibalang, a collection of new
poems in Filipino and those from
Likhang Dila
BIENVENIDO
LUMBRERA
• has been a recipient of numerous
awards, including the Ramon Magsaysay
Award for Journalism, Literature and
Creative Communication Arts in 1993, the
Gawad CCP, Gawad Pambansang Alagad
ni Balagtas, Manila Critics' Circle and the
Palanca
VIRGILIO
ALMARIO
VIRGILIO ALMARIO
• known by his pen name "Rio Alma“
• he is a Filipino artist,poet, critic,
translator, editor, teacher, and cultural
manager
VIRGILIO ALMARIO
• his famous works are Huling Hudhud, Kwentuhan
mo Ako, Bakit Kailangan ng Himala

•He is a national artist of the Philippines and

currently serves as the chairman of the komisyon sa
wikang filipino(KWF), the government agency
mandatated to promote and standardize the use of
the filipino language
THELMA
KINTANAR
THELAM
KINTANAR
• her works include the Up Dictionary
for Filipinos, Primer on Gender-Fair
Language
KERIMA
POLOTAN-
TUVERA
KERIMA POLOTAN -
TUVERA
• she was a renowned and highly
respected fictionist, essayist, and
journalists, with her works having
received among the highest literary
distinctions of the Philippines
KERIMA POLOTAN -
TUVERA
• some of her stories have been
published under the pseudonym
Patricia S. Torres.
CHRISTINA
PANTOJA-
HIDALGO
CHRISTINA PANTOJA-
HIDALGO
• a teacher, editor, writer, and pioneer of
creative nonfiction

• is currently Vice President for Public Affairs

of the University of the Philippines and an
associate of the UP Institute of Creative
Writing
CHRISTINA PANTOJA-
HIDALGO
• a teacher, editor, writer, and pioneer
of creative nonfiction
CHRISTINA PANTOJA-
HIDALGO
• her famous works are The path of
Heart, Coming Home, Skyscrapers,
Celadon and Kimchi
CHRISTINA PANTOJA-
HIDALGO
she has been recognized as:
• Outstanding Thomasian Writer
• Hall of Famer for the International
Publication Award
• Grand Prize winner for the Novel in
the Palanca Awards
DANTON
REMOTO
DANTON REMOTO
• wrote Buhay Bading, Rampa,
Seduction and Solitude
DANTON REMOTO
• he has won various awards, among
them, the ASEAN prize for the essay,
1979; the Palanca for the essay in 1987; the
CCP literary award for poetry; the Stirling
District Arts Council award for poetry
and the short story.
GEMINO
ABAD
GEMINO ABAD
• wrote Caracoa, The Space Between,
Poems and Parables
PETE
LACABA
PETE LACABA
Jose Maria Flores Lacaba Jr.

• is a multi-awarded journalist, poet,

author and screenwriter
PETE LACABA
• a lyricist and has done translations
into Filipino of songs and dialogues of
characters in foreign films
• wrote Promethesus unbound, Jaguar,
Bayan Ko: Kapit sa Patalim
LITERARY GENRES
Hyperpoetry
blogs
Texttula
Mobile phone
Chic literature
Speculative fiction,
flash fiction
HYPERPOETRY
• it is also called cyberpoetry

• it works on the web

HYPERPOETRY
• it is the new genre of literature
that use the computer screen as
medium, rather than the printed
page
HYPERPOETRY
• it is basically just traditional work
uploaded
HYPERPOETRY
• is a literary work relies on the
qualities unique to a digital
environment, such as linked World
Wide Web pages or effects such as
sound and movement
BLOGS
• short term for web blog which
contain short articles called posts that
are changed regularly
BLOGS
• some are written by one person
containing their own opinions,
interests and experiences, while
others are written by many people
TEXTULA
Frank Rivera

• he is a Filipino playwright , actor, and production

designer
• he has won several awards including the 8th
Annual Gawad Ustetika Awards in the Play category
TEXTULA
• entire poems are written and read on
mobile phones

• traces its origins to traditional tagalog

form of poetry called tanaga
TEXTULA
•text tula or textula employs communication
technology in the sharing of tanaga

• it is a short poetry in a form of tanaga, dalit,

and diona that is sent through SMS on mobile
phone with your friends, families, loved ones,
and through netizens
TANAGA
• type of Filipino poem consisting of four lines
with seven syllables each with the same rhyme
TEXTULA
Rhyme Schemes
• The Basic or AAA Rhyme Scheme
• The Enclosed or ABBA Rhyme Scheme (a.k.a.
inipit in Filipino)
• The Alternate or ABAB Rhyme Scheme (a.k.a.
salitan in Filipino)
• AABB Rhyme Scheme (a.k.a. sunuran in
Filipino)
EXAMPLE
Makata Ng Cellphone
Frank G. Rivera

Bayang mahilig sa ganda/

Inuuna ang postura/
Walang laman ang bituka/
Kundi Gasgas na pag-asa//
EXAMPLE
Si Megan Young nang manalo/
Nagbunyi ang Pilipino/
May dala sanang asenso/
Magkakapag-asa tayo//
EXAMPLE
Nagkagyera sa Mindanao/
Kaban ng bayan ninakaw/
Sa bagyo'y daming pumanaw/
Miss World, salamat sa araw//
CHIC LITERATURE
• genre which addresses issues of modern
womanhood, often humorously and
heart-heartedly

• became popular in the late 1990s

SPECULATIVE
FICTION
• is a fiction genre speculating about
worlds that are unlike the real world
in various important ways
SPECULATIVE
FICTION
• it generally overlaps one or more of the
following: science fiction, fantasy fiction,
horror fiction, supernatural fiction,
superhero fiction, utopian and dystopian
fiction, apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic
fiction, and alternate history
SPECULATIVE
FICTION
• is often used as an umbrella term for
science fiction and fantasy considered
as a single genre
FLASH FICTION
• is a medium of brief and enclosed stories

• its average word count ranges anywhere

from five to 1,500 words, but the
consensus is that the maximum tops out
at 2,000
EXAMPLE
Everyone Cried
By Lyda Davis
Often, people cry when they are unhappy. This is natural. For a short time, when
I was young, I worked in an office. Toward lunchtime, as the people in the office
grew hungry and tired and irritable, they would begin to cry. My boss would give
me a document to type, and I would push it away crossly. He would yell at me,
“Type it!” I would yell back, “I won’t!” He himself would become petulant on the
phone and slam it into its cradle. By the time he was ready to leave for lunch,
tears of frustration would be running down his cheeks. If an acquaintance
stopped by the office to take him to lunch, he would turn his back and ignore that
person. Then that person’s eyes, too, would well up with tears.
After lunch, we usually felt better, and the office was filled
with its normal hum and bustle, people carrying folders
and walking briskly here and there, sudden bursts of
laughter rising from cubicles. Work would go well until
late in the afternoon. Then, as we all grew hungry and tired
again, even more tired than in the morning, we would
begin to cry again.
Most of us continued to cry as we left the office. In the
elevator, we elbowed one another, and on the walk to the
subway we glared at the people coming toward us. On the
stairs descending into the subway, we forced our way
down through the crowd coming up.
It was summer. In those days, there was no air-
conditioning in the subway cars, and, as we all stood
packed together, swaying between stops, the tears
wet our cheeks, the sweat ran down our backs and
legs, and the women’s feet swelled in their tight
shoes.
Some people would gradually stop crying as they
rode toward home, especially if they had found a
seat. They would blink their damp eyelashes and
contentedly suck on their fingers as they read their
newspapers and books, their eyes still shining.
They might not cry again that day. I don’t know, because I
wasn’t with them; I can only imagine. I myself did not
usually cry at home, except at the table, if my supper was
very disappointing, or if my bedtime was drawing near,
because I did not really want to go to bed, because I did not
want to get up the next day and go to work. But maybe
others did cry at home, maybe on and off all evening,
depending what they found there.