DOUBLE PIPE

HEAT
TRANSFER
What is heat transfer?

When two objects at different temperatures are brought into thermal contact ,heat
flows from the object at the higher temperature to that at the lower temperature.
The net flow is always in the direction of the temperature decrease .The
mechanisms by which the heat may flow are three:
1.Conduction
2.Convection and
3.Radiation.
 Conduction

• If a temperature gradient exist in a

continuous substance, heat can flow
unaccompanied by any observable motion
of matter .Heat flow of this kind is called
conduction.
• Conduction occurs when two object at
different temperatures are in contact with
each other. Heat flows from the warmer to
the cooler object until they are both at the
same temperature.
• Q/t = kA(T2-T1)/d
How does conduction of heat occur ?

• Conduction occurs when two object at different temperatures are in contact

with each other. Heat flows from the warmer to the cooler object until they are
both at the same temperature.
Fourier's law
• The law of heat conduction, also known as Fourier's law, states that the rate of
heat transfer through a material is proportional to the negative gradient in the
temperature and to the area, at right angles to that gradient, through which the
heat flows.
dq/dA = -k ∂T/∂n
characteristics of conduction of heat

• Conduction is the movement of heat through a substance by the collision of

molecules.
• conduction occurs as rapidly moving or vibrating atoms and molecules interact
with neighboring particles, transferring some of their kinetic energy
• Conduction is the most significant form of heat transfer within a solid object or
between solids in thermal contact.
Difference between steady state and
unsteady state?
Applications

• After a car is turned on, the engine becomes hot.

• A radiator is a good example of conduction.
• You can warm your back muscles with a heating pad.
• When the stove is turned on, the skillet becomes very hot due to the
conduction of heat from the burner to the skillet.
• The hood will become warm as heat is conducted from the engine to the hood.
Convection

• When a fluid, such as air or a

liquid, is heated and then travels
away from the source, it carries the
thermal energy along. This type of
heat transfer is called convection.
• Convection is the heat transfer due
to the bulk movement of
molecules within fluids such as
gases and liquids, including molten
rock .
• Q = HA(T2-T1)
characteristics of convection

• Convection occurs when heat is

transferred through a gas or liquid
by the hotter material moving into
a cooler area. In meteorology, it is
the transfer of heat and other
atmospheric properties by the
movement of masses of air,
particularly in an upward direction.
Types of convection
– Natural convection
• Natural convection is a type of
flow, of motion of a liquid such as
water or a gas such as air, in which
the fluid motion is not generated
by any external source but by some
parts of the fluid being heavier
than other parts.
• The driving force for natural
convection is gravity.
– Forced convection
• Forced convection is a mechanism,
or type of transport in which fluid
motion is generated by an external
source.
• This forcing can be done with a
ceiling fan, a pump, suction device,
or other.
Applications

• Boiling water - The heat passes from the burner into the pot, heating the water at the bottom. Then,
this hot water rises and cooler water moves down to replace it, causing a circular motion.
• Radiator - Puts warm air out at the top and draws in cooler air at the bottom.
• Steaming cup of hot tea - The steam is showing heat being transfered into the air.
• Ice melting - Heat moves to the ice from the air. This causes the melting from a solid to liquid.
• Hot air balloon - A heater inside the balloon heats the air and so the air moves upward. This causes
the balloon to rise because the hot air gets trapped inside. When the pilot want to descend, he
releases some of the hot air and cool air takes it place, causing the balloon to lower.
• Frozen material thawing - Frozen food thaws more quickly under cold running water that if it is
placed in water. The action of the running water transfers heat into the food faster.
 Radiation

• Heat transfer due to emission of

electromagnetic waves is known as thermal
radiation.
• Both conduction and convection require matter
to transfer heat. Radiation is a method of heat
transfer that does not rely upon any contact
between the heat source and the heated
object.
• The energy lost is emitted as light or
electromagnetic radiation.
• Q = ϭ(T2-T1)A
characteristics of radiation heat transfer

• Radiation heat transfer is characteristically different from the other two in that
it does not require a medium and, in fact it reaches maximum efficiency in a
vacuum.
• Electromagnetic radiation has some proper characteristics depending on the
frequency and wavelengths of the radiation.
Applications

• When we sit beside a fire,the heat the heat of fire reaches us by radiation.
• The cooling fins at the back of our refrigerator need to radiate its heat quickly to the surroundings.Its surface is
made rough and painted black.
• During hot summer days ,it is advised to wear white or light coloured clothes.White colour absorbs less heat than
dark colours.
• In cold areas,a greenhouse is used for better growth of plants.Radiation from the sun passes through the glass or
plastic and warms up the soil and plants.Plants and soil absorb and emit radiation and increase the temperature in
the greenhouse.Plants grow well in increased temperature of the greenhouse.
• Vacuum flasks is designed to keep liquids hot by minimising heat losses in four possible ways
conduction,convection,radiation and evaporation.Conduction and convection through the sides of the flask are
prevented by vacuum between the double glass walls of the flask.Conduction through the trapped air above the
liquid is minimum since air is a very poor conductor of heat.The stopper is usually made of plastic which is also a
poor conductor of heat.