TOYNBEEAN APPROACH TO

PHILIPPINE HISTORY:
Spanish Regime in the
Philippines
 Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663
Successful Pacification
Colonization - starting point of the
- the enormous cost expedition: Mexico
of the expedition instead of Spain
- difficulties in the - Hernan Cortes’
returning voyage secret in pacification
of Mexico: Treat the
natives with respect
 Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663

Reconciling Tribute  Encomienda System

with Justice  System was extension of

pacification
 How to derive  Grant was not property but
revenue from the of jurisdiction over a
definite territory and its
conquered without inhabitants
violating simple  The encomenderos had the
idea of justice? duty of defending the
encomienda; of maintaining
peace and order and
supporting missionaries
 These considerations
entitled him with collected
of tributes; within the
means of the subject
 Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663

Forming A Christian Building Church

Civilization -Centered Town
 Reduccion – barangays
 Convincing the were coaxed and
natives to be coerced into organized
towns around the newly-
Christians built church with
 Dealing with resident friar
Dispersed and  OBJECTIVE: Bring all
indios into Christian
scattered communities ( Bajo de la
settlement Campana)
 The new settlement was
helpful in collecting
proper, complete and
accurate tribute.
 Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663

Transforming A Commercial
Feudal Society into Capitalism and
a Modern Nation Common Religion
 How to develop  Commercialism
the Philippines as was introduced
a modern nation?  Catholicism and
 How to unify the Centralized
Philippines? Government
 Spanish Regime 1571 - 1663
o How to build o POLO OR FORCED
infrastructure when LABOR
there is shortage of -ships, churches, roads,
Spanish manpower other forms of infra-
structure
-pay “falla” (exempted)

o How to stimulate o BANDALA

agricul-tural -annual quotas to each

production Province for the sale of
products
 Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663

Effective Centralized Authority

 The governor-
Government general: executive,
How to judiciary and
legislative
govern the  Visita,Residencia,
islands Archbishop and
effectively? subordinate public
officials served as
checks and
balances
 King of Spain
CENTRALIZED
AUTHORITY
Governor general

The Governor
Alcalde mayor corregidores
General assumed
the highest alcaldia ayuntamiento corregidor
position in the
land. Vested in Governadorcillo
him the powers of pueblo
executor and
legislator, and at Cabeza de barangay
times the judiciary.

barrio
 Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

Dutch Spanish
Aggression Defense
 The Dutch  Used natives in
Military attacking and
attacked the defending the
Philippines islands
 Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

Economic Local Production

Rehabilitation  Exportof
after the Dutch products: wheat
War from Laguna and
 Financeswere Batangas and
not stable; mining products
economy from Camarines
declined
 Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

National Galleon Trade

Prosperity  Chinese goods
 How were sent to
to make the
Europe through
colony the Manila –
independent Acapulco trade
from Mexican  Few men
aid? prospered in the
galleon trade
GALLEON TRADE
• During the Spanish era Manila became
the leading commercial center in the
region

• Also known as Manila-Acapulco Trade

• Not all could participate in the Galleon

trade

• In the 19th century when commercial

liberty was adopted as a European policy
the Galeon trade decline
 Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

Chinese Exclusion Laws

Economic and Additional
Domination Taxation
 Additional tax
 The Chinese were
dominating the besides the annual
economy residence tax
 immigration be
 Chinese were
known as limited
 Parian: non-
SANGLEYS which
means merchants Christian Chinese
 Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

Conflict Development of a
Between the Native Secular
Regular and Clergy
 Nativeswere
Secular Clergy
permitted to enter
 The Spanish regular priesthood
clergy were holding
the parishes instead
of Spanish seculars
 Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

Moro Raids Moro Resistance

 Muslims frequently  Establishment of Pilar
attack islands in the Fort in Zamboanga
Visayas; killing and  Juramentado in Jolo to
pirating goods from the
resist the Spaniards in
natives
the place
 Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897

Rehabilitation of Tobacco
a Shattered Monopoly
Economy  The government
implemented laws and
 The Philippines had
policy in order for
been subsidized by designated lands and
Mexican treasury places to cultivated the
for decades growth of tobacco.
 Independence of  Forcibly asked the
Mexico natives to work in the
fields
 TOBACCO
MONOPOLY
• Governor General Jose Basco – founder
• To improve the economy of the
Philippines
• Strict cultivation of tobacco was
enforced in certain areas such as:
Cagayan Valley, Nueva Ecija, Ilocos and
Marinduque
• Lasted from 1781 to 1881
 Material and Social Advancement

• Rise of Banks
– Obras Pias – earliest banks in the
Philippines which gave loan to
merchants
– Rodriguez Bank – the first Filipino bank
established in Manila by Francisco
Rodriguez
– Banco Español- Filipino – first
government bank in the Philippines
founded by Antonio de Urbiztondo
 PHILLIPINE REVOLTS

CAUSES :
A) PERSONAL
Led by datus, maharlikas and babaylan or catalonans
Lost prestige and power in their communities
Want to revert to their own culture (babaylans and
catalonans wanted to return to native religions)
Lakandula, Soliman, Tamblot, Bankaw and Dagohoy
 continuation

B) RELIGIOUS MOTIVES/REASONS
Led by those who built their own style of syncretic
religions
Non-acceptance of Spanish popes, bishops and
priests
Emergence of cults
Hermano Pule, Francisco Rivera and Tapar
 continuation

C) RESISTANCE TO SPANISH-IMPOSED
INSTITUTIONS
Taxation
Forced labor
Galleon trade
Indulto de comercio
Monopolies (like the tabacco and basi revolts)
Magalat, Sumuroy, Palaris and Diego Silang
 continuation

D)PEASANT UNREST
Fraudelent land surveys which led to land grabbing
Excessive cost of land rental fees
Maginoos and principalias of Silang, Cavite
 Why Philippine Revolts failed

A) INSULAR MAKE-UP OF THE PHILIPPINES

-no sense of national unity because of communication
gap; many ethn0-linguistic groups with their dialects
but no lingua franca
B) IDEA OF NATIONALISM CAME ONLY DURING
THE 19TH CENTURY
C) DIVIDE ET IMPERA
-Spaniards used natives to fight other natives
-co-optation and collaboration of some datus and
maharlikas with the Spaniards
 continuation

D) SUPERIOR MILITARY TECHNOLOGY AND

STRATEGY OF THE SPANIARDS
-Mexican horses
-better firing projectile weapons (culverins, cannons,
muskets, or guns)
-network of spies
E) INTERFERENCE OF FRIARS
 continuation

F) ABSENCE OF GOOD LEADERS WHO KNEW

MILITARY STRATEGY
G) “PAPELETAS DE PERMISO” AND “CARTAS DE
RADIO”
-official travel permits and safe-conduct passes
 Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897

Collapsed of Free Trade

 Opening of
Galleon Trade
 Source of income different ports in
and livelihood the Philippines
 Progress after through the
economic suggestion of
stagnation Sinibaldo de Mas
 Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897

Censorship
Spread of
 Noli Me Tangere and
Liberal Ideas other propaganda
 Carlos Maria de la publication were
Torre banned by the
 Liberalism from government
Europe
 Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897

Equality of the Execution of

Regular and Gomburza
Secular Clergy  Experience in Mexico
 Father Burgos
 Secularization of
the parishes believed in the
secualrization
 FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

A) SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
-when Spain opened the Philippines to world trade,
liberal ideas filtered in
-liberal political filtered in from Europe (ideas of
Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire, Locke and
Jefferson)
-transformation of the Philippine economy into a raw
material market for Europe increased their contact
with the intellectual tradition of the west
 continuation

B) Rise of the Clase Media (middle class) or

Principales
-middle class composed of Asian and Eurasian
mestizos emerged from the economic boom derived
from expanded agriculture and commerce
-Spanish opening of the Philippine ports (1834) to free
trade, commericialization of agriculture and economic
expansion greatly benefited the “principalia” who were
able to send their children to schools here and abroad,
exposing them to more libertarian ideals.
 continuation

C) Sentiments against the principales

-masses were dissatisfied with the principales as
intermediaries of the Spanish government
D) Racial Prejudice
-Spaniards regarded Filipino natives as belonging to
an “inferior race”; called them “indios”
-Spanish pre-conceived notion that natives could not
rise beyond their “limited intelligence”
 continuation

E) Cultural changes
-Educational Reforms of 1863 dramatically improved
the standards of education in the primary level
-Filipinos were able to pursue higher education
-young men from prosperous families were able to take
up law, medicine and pharmacy
-were able to see the repressive colonial policies of
Spain
-new breed of Filipinos, the “Ilustrados”
 continuation

F) Secularization controversy
-can be traced back from the year 1567
-in 1768, parishes were given to unprepared native
seculars (Filipino priests who do not belong to a
religious order)
-by 1859, parishes were desecularized and were given
back to regular priests (Spanish priests belonging to
religious orders
-Filipino priests opposed Spanish friar abuses and
agitated for reforms
 continuation

G) Cavite Mutiny of 1872

-Sgt. La Madrid led this mutiny due to the suspension
of the privileges formerly enjoyed by arsenal workers
and engineer corps of the Cavite Naval Shipyard
-this mutiny was used by the Spaniards to implicate
the liberal critics of the government including Filipino
priests who fought for Secularization
-the execution of GOM-BUR-ZA eventually hastened
the growth of Filipino nationalism
 Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897

Non-continuity and
Propaganda
non-implementation
Movement of reforms
 Ilustrados  Strict in implementing
(enlightened young laws
men) called for  Intensified attack to
reform in the the movement
government and  Friars wrote
assimilation of the pamphlets against the
Philippines to Spain propagandist
 What was Spain like
Spain: 1880 -1890 during the early
1880’s?

How important was

the environment to
the young men of the
Philippines who came
to the Peninsula?
 Filipinos in Spain

• The young Filipinos were acquainted with a world

different from the Philippines: freedom of speech
against the church, church doctrine and the state;
proclamation of liberties and progress.
• The environment would become a STIMULUS for
CALLING OF CHANGES in the / for the Philippines.
• The grave defects of Spanish government in Spain
led to the disillussionment of the Filipinos.
• Rizal noted in his travels the progress of the places
he visited; and recognized their native qualities
superior to Spaniards; he believed that Filipinos can
handle the affairs of the Philippines
Early Activities of Filipinos in Spain

Filipino nationalists prior to 1880:

PEDRO PATERNO and GREGORIO
SANCIANCO
Sancianco gave a
Circulo-Hispano Filipino
banquet for Fernando Tha banquet served as the
de Leon y Castillo,
overseas minister of foundation of CIRCULO-HISPANO
liberal government in
Sagasta. Sancianco
FILIPINO
publish a book on the Rizal wanted to give more substance
abolishment of the
Tobacco Monopoly in to it; and to use it as vehicle to unite
the Philippines. Filipinos.
Although helped the
conomy of the Revista del Circulo-Hispano Filipino
Philippines, the abuses
and negative
consequences of the
monopoly.