Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Engiana
Dr. Susan A. Roces
1
Differential Equation (DE)
Definition:
An equation that contains derivatives, if
explicitly expressed, and differentials, if
implicitly expressed.
Types of differential equations:
1. Ordinary differential equation (ODE)
= contains total derivatives only; it has two
variables only, one dependent and
another independent variable.
2
2. Partial differential equation (PDE)
= contains partial derivatives only; it has
three or more variables, one dependent
and the others independent variables.
3
dy
y' 1st derivative of y wrt x
dx
2
d y
y '' 2 2nd derivative of y wrt x
dx
n
d y nth derivative of y wrt x
y n
n
dx
where: 1, 2, …n = order of differential
equation
4
Degree of a differential equation:
= is the algebraic degree of the highest-
ordered derivative involved in its
expression.
Note:
1. The equation made rational in the
derivative.
2. A differential equation may not have a
degree.
dy dy
Ex.: sin 5 x
dx dx
5
Determine whether ODE or PDE, order
and degree of the following differential
equations:
5
d y dy
2
1. xy 0
dx
2
dx
Ans: ODE, 2nd order, 1st degree
6
W W
2. x y
0
x y
Ans: PDE, 1st order, 6th degree
6
3. x( y' ' ' ) 2( y' ' ) 2 y 0
2 4
8
4
dy
2
d y
7. 1
dx
2
dx
2
d y
4
dy
2
dx 2 1
dx
2nd degree
Ans: ODE, 2nd order,
2
d y
2
dy
2
8. 3
dx 2 1
dx
9
2 1
( 6)
d y
2 3
( 6)
dy
2 2
dx 1
2
dx
3
dy
4
d y
2 2
dx 2 1
dx
Ans: ODE, 2nd order, 4th degree
10
Linear differential equation:
= is one which the dependent variable and
its derivative occur to the 1st degree only
and not to higher powers or in products.
ODE:
dny d n 1 y dy
b0 ( x) n
b1 ( x) n 1
....... bn 1 ( x)
dx dx dx
bn ( x) y R( x)
u u
PDE: b0 ( x, y ) b1 ( x, y ) R ( x, y )
x y
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Note:
Independent variables have nothing to do
with the property of linearity.
Examples:
2
d x d.v. = x
1. y x 0
3
dy 2 i.v. = y
1st degree 1st degree linear
3
d y dy d.v. = y
2. 3x y 2
0
dx 3
dx i.v. = x
1 st 1 st 1 st
linear
12
3. ( x y ) dx 2 xy dy 0
2 2
( x y ) dx 2 xy dy 0
2 2 1
dx
dy
x y 2 xy
2 2
0 d.v. = y
dx i.v. = x
2nddegree 2nddegree Non-linear
4. y ' ln y d.v. = y
i.v. = x
1st Non-linear Non-linear
13
5. y ' sin 2 x d.v. = y
i.v. = x
1st degree linear
d.v. = y
6. y y ' x 10
i.v. = x
2nd degree Non-linear
1
7. ( y ' y ) e
2 x d.v. = y
i.v. = x
y' y e 2x
15
Two kinds of solutions:
1. General Solution
= of an nth order differential equation (DE)
is a solution containing n independent
arbitrary constant of integration.
Ex.: x y c
2 2
2. Particular Solution
= of a DE is a solution that can be
obtained from the general solution by
giving specific values to the arbitrary
constants. Ex.: x y 25
2 2
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Assignment
p.10 nos.1 14
p.11 nos. 19 23, 37 38
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